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imported>Meg Taylor |
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| {{Image|Turkey baster in use.jpg|left|200px|Basting the turkey.}}
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| '''Roast turkey''' is the [[cooking|preparation]] of a fresh or frozen [[domestic turkey|turkey]] by placing the turkey in a hot oven. Frozen turkeys are normally defrosted before roasting. Fresh turkeys are removed from the refrigerator and then roasted.
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| == Defrosting ==
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| [[Defrost]] the turkey in the refrigerator. All about 24 hours for every 5 pounds of turkey. Be sure to place a container underneath the turkey to prevent turkey juices dripping onto nearby [[food]]s.
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| == Fresh turkey== | | {{recipe |
| Purchase a fresh turkey two days before you plan to roast it. Store the fresh turkey in the [[refrigerator]] until you are ready to roast it.
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| | |name= Stuffed turkey-hen grand-duc |
| | |howmany= 6-12 |
| | |what= servings |
| | |notes= This elaborate recipe, which, because of the price of [[truffle]]s today, would surely cost several thousand dollars to prepare, has been completely rewritten from its presentation in the 1961 edition of the ''Larousse Gastronomique'' and many of its quantities extrapolated from the original rather vague instructions. ''Larousse'' notes that it was "M. Valmy-Joyeuse who created this dish in 1906 while he was in charge of the kitchens of the Marquise of Mazenda."<ref>''Larousse Gastronomique'', first English edition, Paul Hamlyn, London, 1961, page 978</ref> |
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| == Roasting == | | |ingredients= |
| Heat the [[oven]] to 325 °F (165 °C) (Gas Mark 3). Remove the turkey from the [[refrigerator]]. Insert a rack into the [[roasting pan]]. Add the [[turkey]]. [[Roast]] the turkey until an internal temperature of 180 °F (80 °C) is reached. Insert a meat [[thermometer]] into the turkey to ensure this [[temperature]] is reached.<ref name="Food Safety and Inspection Service USDA">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/news/1999/0457-99.htm |title=USDA Offers Advice For Preparing A Safe Thanksgiving Meal |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref><ref name="USDA Poultry Preparation">{{cite web |url=http://origin-www.fsis.usda.gov/fact_sheets/Turkey_Alt_Routes/index.asp |title=Turkey: Alternate Routes to the Table |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref>
| | *1 6-pound hen-turkey |
| | *1 pound raw [[chicken]], cut into small pieces |
| | *2 cups heavy [[cream]] or ''[[crême fraîche]]'' |
| | *⅓ pound ''foie gras'', previously poached in port wine |
| | *12 [[truffle]]s, previously peeled and cooked in a little [[cognac]] |
| | *24 chicken hearts, soaked in water, all veins removed |
| | *2 cups white [[Malaga]] wine |
| | *½ pound [[York ham]], puréed |
| | *1 cup truffle essence (truffle peelings infused in [[Madeira]] or other heavy wine) |
| | *salt and pepper to taste |
| | *Slices of raw ham or bacon, enough to cover the entire turkey |
| | *Pastry dough for encasing the turkey |
| | *''[[Demi-glace]]'' sauce flavored with truffle essence |
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| == Roasting chart ==
| | |preparation= |
| The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) recommends turkeys should not be stuffed during roasting for food safety reasons. Stuffing should be baked in a separate casserole dish. Some people refer to stuffing as [[dressing]] when it is backed separately in a [[casserole]] dish.
| | #Rub the chicken through a fine sieve, or purée in a food processor. |
| | #Poach the ''foie gras'' in 1 or 2 cups port wine for a few minutes, then rub through a sieve. |
| | #Mix the chicken purée, the ''foie gras'', and the cream together and season to taste. |
| | #Poach the peeled truffles in 1 cup or so of cognac for 10 minutes, then drain |
| | #Prepare the chicken hearts, which have been soaked in water and deveined, then steeped in white Malaga wine and dried in a cloth, by making a slit in each with one with a sharp knife and stuffing them with a small amount of puréed York ham. Poach them in enough truffle essence to cover for 15 minutes and drain. |
| | #Slit the turkey along the backbone and fold it open. |
| | #Mix all of the other prepared ingredients together, then spread them over the open turkey. |
| | #Fold the turkey carefully back into its original shape and wrap with slices or raw ham or bacon. |
| | #Encase the entire turkey with the pastry dough, being careful to retain the shape of the bird. |
| | #Drape the turkey with heavy aluminium foil so that it does not cook too quickly, then roast for 2½ hours in a 325-degree oven. |
| | #To serve, present the turkey still in its pastry covering, and, after being sliced, offer the flavored ''demi-glace'' sauce from a sauce-boat. |
| | |categories= [[French cuisine]] |
| | |related= |
| | }} |
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| '''Unstuffed Turkey''' | | '''ALL ADDITIONAL TURKEY RECIPES SHOULD BE REWRITTEN AND REFORMATTED INTO THE EXACT FORM OF THE ABOVE RECIPE''' |
| *8 to 12 pounds (3.6 to 5.5 kg), 2 3/4 to 3 hours
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| *12 to 14 pounds, 3 to 3 3/4 hours
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| *14 to 18 pounds, 3 3/4 to 4 1/4 hours
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| *18 to 20 pounds, 4 1/4 to 41/2 hours
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| *20 to 24 pounds, 4 1/2 to 5 hours
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| '''Stuffed Turkey'''
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| *8 to 12 pounds 3 to 3 1/2 hours
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| *12 to 14 pounds, 3 1/2 to 4 hours
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| *14 to 18 pounds, 4 to 4 1/4 hours
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| *18 to 20 pounds, 4 1/4 to 4 3/4 hours
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| *20 to 24 pounds, 4 3/4 to 5 1/4 hours<ref name="Food Safety and Inspection Service USDA">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/news/1999/0457-99.htm |title=USDA Offers Advice For Preparing A Safe Thanksgiving Meal |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref>
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| ==Storage==
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| Remove the cooked turkey meat from the [[carcass]]. Promptly refrigerate the cooked turkey meat within two hours of serving. Turkey leftovers should be eaten within 3 to 4 [[day]]s of preparation. Turkey [[gravy]] should be eaten within 2 days of serving. Heat the leftover turkey gravy to 165 °F (75 °C) for safe serving.
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| ==Foil Roasted Turkey==
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| Defrost the turkey, if needed, before roasting the turkey. Preheat the oven to 450 °F. (230 °C) (Gas Mark 8).Remove the giblets from the turkey. Rinse the turkey and pat dry. Brush the turkey with vegetable oil. Tear off a piece of aluminum foil that is 2 1/2 times longer than the turkey. Place the turkey onto the foil. Fold over the ends of the aluminum foil to cover the ends loosely. Do not seal. Place the turkey into a roasting pan that is at least 2-inches deep. Insert meat thermometer through the foil and into the turkey thigh. Make sure the meat thermometer does not touch the bone. Roast the turkey for the following times:
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| *8 to 12 pounds 1 1/2 to 2 1/4 hours
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| *12 to 16 pounds 2 1/4 to 2 3/4 hours
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| *16 to 20 pounds 2 3/4 to 3 1/4 hours
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| *20 to 24 pounds 3 1/4 to 3 3/4 hours
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| *24 to 28 pounds 3 3/4 to 5 hours
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| *28 to 32 pounds 5 to 5 1/2 hours<ref name="Reynold's Aluminum Foil">{{cite web |url=http://www.reynoldspkg.com/reynoldskitchens/en/recipes/recipe_search.asp?Step=ShowRecipe&RecipeID=100 |title=Foil Roasted Turkey |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>
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| Store the turkey as directed.
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| ==Julia Child's Roast Turkey==
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| *Turkey
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| *Vegetable Oil
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| *Salt and Pepper
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| *Celery
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| *Onions
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| *Lemon (to season turkey cavity, if desired)
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| '''Defrosting Frozen Turkey'''
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| Do not remove the turkey from it's original wrapper. A 20-pound turkey will take around 3 to 4 days to defrost in the refrigerator. Child says you can defrost a turkey in a sinkful of water. It should take about 12 hours to defrost the turkey. Child also says not to stuff the turkey in advance.
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| Allow about 1/2 pound turkey per serving or 1 pound per person, if you want leftovers.
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| Servings: Figure 1/2 pound of turkey per serving, or 1 pound
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| per person, with leftovers. Roast at °F (170 °C) (Gas Mark 3)
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| '''Cooking Times'''
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| Unstuffed Turkeys
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| *12 to 14 pounds, about 4 hours
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| *16 to 20 pounds, about 5 hours
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| *20 to 26 pounds, about 6 hours
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| For stuffed birds add 20 to 30 minutes extra for cooking time.
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| The turkey is done when the temperature measures 175 °F at the thickest portion of the leg. The stuffing temperature should be 165 °F. Figure about 1/2 to 3/4 a cup of stuffing for each pound of turkey.
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| She recommends flavoring the cavity with salt, pepper, a thin slice of lemon, a small onion and a handful of celery leaves.
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| Child says to cut out of the wishbone and cut off the wing nubbins. She also recommends skewering the neck to the backbone, and then skewering or sewing the cavity closed, or close it with foil. Rub the turkey with salt and vegetable oil.
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| Place the turkey breast side up on an oiled rack and then baste every 20 minutes. Start checking the turkey temperature about 20 minutes before the charted roasting time. The turkey will start to release juices into the pan as an indicator that the turkey is thoroughly cooked.
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| '''High-Temperature Roasting'''
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| Preheat the oven to 500 °F (260 °C) (Gas Mark 10) Roast the turkey 15 to 20 minutes or until the juices begin to burn. Reduce the oven temperature to 450 °F (232 °C) (Gas Mark 8). Add 1/2 cup each chopped carrots and onions along with 2 cups water to the roasting pan. Add water as needed to prevent the mixture from burning and smoking.
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| Start the roasting at 500 °F (260 °C) (Gas Mark 10), and in 15 to 20 minutes, when the juices begin to burn, reduce the heat to 450 °F (232 °C) (Gas Mark 8). Using this method a 14 pound turkey should roast in about 2 hours rather than the usual 4 hours. The turkey may not turn out as tender using this method though.<ref name="ABC News">{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/recipe?id=7039738 |title=Julia Child's Roast Turkey |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>
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| To prepare Julia Child's turkey stock and giblet gravy you can find the recipe at the ABC News Good Morning America web site.
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| Store the turkey as directed.
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| The recipe provided above is copyright ABC.
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| ==Canadian Roast Turkey==
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| The Canadian roast turkey recipe is similar to what is cooked in the United States. This recipe is from Canadian Living.
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| *15 pound (6.8 kg) turkey
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| *2 tablespoons (25 mL) melted butter
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| *1-1/2 teaspoons (7 mL) paprika
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| * Herb Stuffing
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| *1 1cup (250 mL) butter
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| *4-1/2 4-1/2cups (1.125 L) chopped celery
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| *4 cups(1 L) chopped oniononions
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| *1/2 cup (125 mL) poultry seasoning
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| *1-1/2 teaspoons (7 mL) salt
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| *1-1/2 teaspoon (7 mL) pepper
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| *2 loaves whole wheat bread, cubed
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| * 2 eggs, beaten
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| For the stuffing melt the butter over medium heat in a Dutch oven; cook celery, onions, poultry seasoning, salt and pepper, stirring often, for about 25 minutes or until softened. In large bowl, combine onion mixture with bread cubes, tossing until moistened. Add the eggs and toss with the mixture.
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| Be sure to remove the giblets and neck from turkey and reserve for stock or gravy. Rinse turkey under cold water and pat dry. Add about 3 cups (750 mL) of the stuffing; skewer opening closed. Loosely fill the cavity with stuffing. Loosely fill neck opening with about 3 cups (750 mL) of the stuffing; fold neck skin over stuffing and skewer to back. Spoon the remaining stuffing into a casserole dish and refrigerate.
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| Insert turkey legs under band of skin or tie together with string. Insert wings under back. Place the turkey breast side up in a roasting pan. Pour the butter over the turkey and rub into the skin. Season the turkey with paprika.
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| Roast in 325°F (160°C)(Gas Mark 3) oven, basting with pan drippings every 30 minutes, for 3-1/2 hours. Stir 1/2 cup (125 mL) turkey drippings or chicken stock into stuffing in casserole. Add casserole to oven alongside turkey and roast, basting turkey twice, for 60 minutes or until meat thermometer inserted in thickest part of thigh registers 180°F (82°C) and juices run clear when turkey is pierced. Transfer turkey to cutting board; tent with foil and let stand for 30 minutes before carving. Serve with stuffing and gravy. Cover the turkey with a foil tent during the last hour of cooking, if the turkey seems to be browning too fast. To make the gravy follow the directions found at Canadian Living.<ref name="Canadian Living">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadianliving.com/food/roast_turkey_with_herb_stuffing_and_gravy.php |title=Roast Turkey with Herb Stuffing and Gravy |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref>
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| Store the turkey as directed.
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| Recipe copyright Canadian Living.
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| ==James Beard's My Own Favorite Roast Turkey==
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| *18 to 20 pounds turkey
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| *1 onion stuck with 2 cloves
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| *1 sprig parsley
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| *Additional salt and pepper
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| *1/2 teaspoon thyme
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| *1 quart water
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| *Half a lemon
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| *1/2 cup soft butter, more if desired
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| *Strips of fresh or salt pork, or bacon rind
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| *1/4 cup flour
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| *1/4 cup Cognac or Madeira
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| *Stuffing
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| *1/2 cup butter
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| *1 cup finely chopped shallots or finely cut green onions
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| *1 1/2 tablespoons dried tarragon, or 3 tablespoons fresh tarragon, finely cut
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| *1 tablespoon salt, or to taste
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| *Pepper
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| *1/2 cup pinenuts
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| *Additional melted butter, if needed
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| *10 to 12 cups fine fresh breadcrumbs
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| Melt the butter in a large skillet. Add the shallots (or green onions) and tarragon to the skillet. Cook until the shallots are just wilted. Add the remaining stuffing ingredients, and more melted butter, if needed to complete the stuffing.
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| Remove neck from the turkey and add to a 2-quart saucepan along with the liver, gizzard, heart, and the onion, parsley, 2 teaspoons salt, and the thyme. Add the water and bring to a boil, and boil 5 minutes, then reduce the heat to a simmer. Simmer 1 hour. Drain and reserve for the sauce. If desired, chop the gizzard, heart, and liver to add to the sauce.
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| Rub the inside of the turkey with the lemon, and dry with paper towels. Lightly stuff the turkey cavity with the stuffing mixture. Stuff the neck cavity lightly with stuffing. Truss the turkey with a trussing needle, hand tying the the piece of neck skin to the back of the turkey. You can also sew with needle and twine to complete the trussing process. Close the vent of the bird by skewering or with twine and sew it up. Tie the legs together firmly and then tie them to the tail of the bird. With your hands rub soft butter and the season with salt and pepper. Lay strips of fresh pork or salt pork (or bacon rind) and set the rack into a shallow roasting pan. Place the turkey breast side down onto the rack. Roast 1 hour at 350 degrees F. Remove the turkey from the oven and turn the turkey so it is laying on its side. Rub with softened butter. Return the turkey to the oven and roast 1 hour. Remove the turkey, turn to the other side, rub with softened butter. Roast 1 hour. Roast 1 hour and then turn the turkey on its back, rub the turkey breast with soft butter. Return turkey to the oven and roast until the turkey tests done. Remove the roast turkey from the oven and place on a hot platter to rest 15 minutes, if being served hot. If being served tepid, "let it cool gently at room temperature". Remove all the twine and skewers.
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| Sauce: Skim fat from the roasting pan and reserve 1/4 cup. Over medium heat add the flour to the pan and blend thoroughly, scraping to loosen bits of caramelized dripping. Add any turkey juices and the reserved fat. Gradually whisk in 2 cups turkey broth, or more, cook stirring until the sauce thickens. Correct seasonings. Add the chopped giblets, if using, and the Cognac or Madeira. Simmer 4 to 5 minutes.
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| NOTE: For food safety purposes do not allow the turkey to stand at room temperature longer than 2 hours.
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| Recipe lightly edited and rewritten from James Beard's American Cookery
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| ==Historic Fannie Merritt Farmer 1918 Roast Turkey Recipe==
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| Fannie Farmer was an American chef, nutritionist and author whose best selling cookbook is still being published over one hundred years after it was first introduced.
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| <blockquote>Dress, clean, stuff, and truss a ten-pound turkey . Place on its side on rack in a dripping-pan, rub entire surface with salt, and spread breast, legs, and wings with one-third cup butter, rubbed until creamy and mixed with one-fourth cup flour. Dredge bottom of pan with flour. Place in a hot oven, and when flour on turkey begins to brown, reduce heat, and baste every fifteen minutes until turkey is cooked, which will require about three hours. For basting use one-half cup butter melted in one-half cup boiling water and after this is used baste with fat in pan. Pour water in pan during the cooking as needed to prevent flour from burning. During cooking turn turkey frequently, that it may brown evenly. If turkey is browning too fast, cover with buttered paper to prevent burning. Remove string and skewers before serving. Garnish with parsley, or celery tips, or curled celery and rings and discs of carrots strung on fine wire.
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| For stuffing, use double the quantities given in recipes under Roast Chicken. If stuffing is to be served cold, add one beaten egg. Turkey is often roasted with Chestnut Stuffing, Oyster Stuffing, or Turkey Stuffing (Swedish Style).<ref name="Bartleby.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/87/r0637.html |title=Roast Turkey |accessdate=2010-10-13}}</ref></blockquote>
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| <references> | | <references> |
