Abraham Maslow: Difference between revisions
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'''Abraham Maslow''' (1908-1970) was an American [[psychology|psychologist]], often credited with starting the "third force" of | '''Abraham Maslow''' (1908-1970) was an American [[psychology|psychologist]], often credited with starting the "third force" of humanistic psychology, in contrast with Pavlov's [[behaviorism]] and [[Sigmund Freud]]'s [[psychoanalysis]]. <ref name=Bio>{{citation | ||
| url = http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Biography.asp | | url = http://www.abraham-maslow.com/m_motivation/Biography.asp | ||
| title = Abraham Maslow biography | | title = Abraham Maslow biography | ||
| publisher = AbrahamMaslow.com}}</ref> | | publisher = AbrahamMaslow.com}}</ref> | ||
==Early career== | |||
He began studying monkeys, working with [[Harry Harlow]]. An experiment indicated that a baby monkey would prefer affection over food. | |||
==Hierarchy of needs== | ==Hierarchy of needs== | ||
In 1937, he began to teach at Brooklyn College, [[City University of New York]], and produced some of his best-known work. During this time, he said he was inspired by colleagues including the anthropologist [[Ruth Benedict]] and [[Gestalt psychology|Gestalt]] psychologist [[Max Wertheimer]], whom he was to regard as models of "self-actualizing" people operating at the highest level of human consciousness. Earlier researchers such as Freud had focused on illness, while Pavlov looked for actions dictated by other than conscious choice. Maslow, however, was interested in the optimal, conscious capabilities of people.<ref name=PBS>{{citation | In 1937, he began to teach at Brooklyn College, [[City University of New York]], and produced some of his best-known work. During this time, he said he was inspired by colleagues including the anthropologist [[Ruth Benedict]] and [[Gestalt psychology|Gestalt]] psychologist [[Max Wertheimer]], whom he was to regard as models of "self-actualizing" people operating at the highest level of human consciousness. Earlier researchers such as Freud had focused on illness, while Pavlov looked for actions dictated by other than conscious choice. Maslow, however, was interested in the optimal, conscious capabilities of people.<ref name=PBS>{{citation | ||
| Line 10: | Line 13: | ||
| publisher = [[PBS]] | | publisher = [[PBS]] | ||
| title = A Science Odyssey — People and Discoveries: Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)}}</ref> | | title = A Science Odyssey — People and Discoveries: Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)}}</ref> | ||
{{Image|Maslow_Hierarchy_of_Needs.jpg|left|300px|Maslow proposed that basic needs must be met first before higher–level needs could be realized.}} | |||
He proposed the hierarchy of needs model in 1943 in a paper entitled ''A Theory of Human Motivation'', which assumed people had a [[hierarchy of needs]], and that it was necessary for the basic needs to be fulfilled first before advancing on to more sophisticated needs. | He proposed the hierarchy of needs model in 1943 in a paper entitled ''A Theory of Human Motivation'', which assumed people had a [[hierarchy of needs]], and that it was necessary for the basic needs to be fulfilled first before advancing on to more sophisticated needs. | ||
===Physiological needs=== | ===Physiological needs=== | ||
| Line 16: | Line 19: | ||
===Security needs=== | ===Security needs=== | ||
The next level was security | The next level was security | ||
===Needs among people=== | |||
Social needs (love, affection) are associated with interaction and companionship, while [[self-esteem ]] needs dealt with the quality of those relationships. | Social needs (love, affection) are associated with interaction and companionship, while [[self-esteem ]] needs dealt with the quality of those relationships. | ||
===Self-actualization=== | ===Self-actualization=== | ||
Latest revision as of 12:58, 26 June 2024
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) was an American psychologist, often credited with starting the "third force" of humanistic psychology, in contrast with Pavlov's behaviorism and Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. [1]
Early career
He began studying monkeys, working with Harry Harlow. An experiment indicated that a baby monkey would prefer affection over food.
Hierarchy of needs
In 1937, he began to teach at Brooklyn College, City University of New York, and produced some of his best-known work. During this time, he said he was inspired by colleagues including the anthropologist Ruth Benedict and Gestalt psychologist Max Wertheimer, whom he was to regard as models of "self-actualizing" people operating at the highest level of human consciousness. Earlier researchers such as Freud had focused on illness, while Pavlov looked for actions dictated by other than conscious choice. Maslow, however, was interested in the optimal, conscious capabilities of people.[2]
He proposed the hierarchy of needs model in 1943 in a paper entitled A Theory of Human Motivation, which assumed people had a hierarchy of needs, and that it was necessary for the basic needs to be fulfilled first before advancing on to more sophisticated needs.
Physiological needs
At the lowest level were physiological needs such as water, food, air, sleep had to be met before more higher–order needs. Even within the level, there was a hierarchy; lack of oxygen is more basic than thirst.
Security needs
The next level was security
Needs among people
Social needs (love, affection) are associated with interaction and companionship, while self-esteem needs dealt with the quality of those relationships.
Self-actualization
The highest needs he termed self–actualizing needs and described people who are self–aware, concerned with personal growth, less concerned with the opinions of others or the crowd, and keenly interested in fulfilling their potential. What characterized fulfilled people? He characterized self-actualized people as having:
- Acceptance and Realism, with realistic perceptions of themselves, others and the world.
- Problem-centering focus on solving external problems and helping others and finding solutions. They're motivated by personal responsibility and ethics.
- Spontaneity in their thoughts and behavior, and while they can conform to social expectations, they can be open and unconventional.
- Autonomy and Solitude and can operate in independence and privacy as well as social situations.
- Continued Freshness of Appreciation so they can find joy even in simple pleasures.
- Peak Experiences of intense joy, wonder, awe and ecstasy which inspire them further and they feel transformed
Humanistic psychology
In 1957 and 1958, Abraham Maslow and Clark Moustakas, convened meetings, in Detroit, for psychologists interested in the "healthy" model of psychology. This led to the formation, in 1961, of the American Association for Humanistic Psychology, sponsored by Brandeis University.<ref>{{citation
| url = http://www.ahpweb.org/aboutahp/whatis.html | title = Humanistic Psychology Overview | publisher = Association for Humanistic Psychology