End (topology): Difference between revisions

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In [[general topology]], an '''end''' of a [[topological space]] generalises the notion of "point at infinity" of the real line or plane.
In [[general topology]], an '''end''' of a [[topological space]] generalises the notion of "point at infinity" of the real line or plane.


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==Compactification==
==Compactification==
Denote the set of ends of ''X'' by ''E''(''X'') and let <math>X^* = X \cup E(X)</math>.  We may topologise <math>X^*</math> by taking as [[neighbourhood]]s of ''e'' the sets <math>N_K(e) = e(K) \cup \{f \in E(X) : f(K)=e(K) \}</math> for compact ''K'' in ''X''.
Denote the set of ends of ''X'' by ''E''(''X'') and let <math>X^* = X \cup E(X)</math>.  We may topologise <math>X^*</math> by taking as [[neighbourhood]]s of ''e'' the sets <math>N_K(e) = e(K) \cup \{f \in E(X) : f(K)=e(K) \}</math> for compact ''K'' in ''X''.[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

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In general topology, an end of a topological space generalises the notion of "point at infinity" of the real line or plane.

An end of a topological space X is a function e which assigns to each compact set K in X some connected component with non-compact closure e(K) of the complement X - K in a compatible way, so that

If X is compact, then there are no ends.

Examples

  • The real line has two ends, which may be denoted ±∞. If K is a compact subset of R then by the Heine-Borel theorem K is closed and bounded. There are two unbounded components of K: if K is contained in the interval [a,b], they are the components containing (-∞,a) and (b,+∞). An end is a consistent choice of the left- or the right-hand component.
  • The real plane has one end, ∞. If K is a compact, hence closed and bounded, subset of the plane, contained in the disc of radius r, say, then there is a single unbounded component to X-K, containing the complement of the disc.

Compactification

Denote the set of ends of X by E(X) and let . We may topologise by taking as neighbourhoods of e the sets for compact K in X.