Heart murmur: Difference between revisions
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====Mitral valve stenosis==== | ====Mitral valve stenosis==== | ||
Characteristics of severe [[mitral valve stenosis]] are:<ref name="pmid1416578" | Characteristics of severe [[mitral valve stenosis]] are:<ref name="pmid1416578" /> | ||
* Mid-diastolic rumbling murmur | * Mid-diastolic rumbling murmur | ||
* Loud first heart sound | * Loud first heart sound | ||
| Line 52: | Line 51: | ||
====Aortic valve insufficiency==== | ====Aortic valve insufficiency==== | ||
Characteristics of severe [[aortic valve insufficiency]] (aortic regurgitation) are:<ref name="pmid1416578" | Characteristics of severe [[aortic valve insufficiency]] (aortic regurgitation) are:<ref name="pmid1416578" /> | ||
* Aortic ejection sound after the first heart sound | * Aortic ejection sound after the first heart sound | ||
* Decrescendo diastolic murmur | * Decrescendo diastolic murmur | ||
| Line 89: | Line 87: | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Heart sound]] | * [[Heart sound]][[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | ||
Latest revision as of 11:01, 26 August 2024
In cardiology, heart murmurs are the "heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. Heart murmurs can be examined by heart auscultation, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc)."[1]
| Valve | Severity | Prevalence | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | ||
| Mitral[2] | > mild | 13% | 9% |
| Tricuspid[2] | > mild | 19 | 19 |
| Aortic[2] | > mild | 15 | 18 |
| Aortic stenosis[3] | Valve velocity > 2.0 m/s | 2 | 1 |
| Aortic sclerosis[3] | 33 | 25 | |
A diagram of the cardiac cycle is available and helps understand where to listen for different heart murmurs.[4]
Classification
Systolic murmurs
More discussion is available online.[5]
A systematic review by the Rational Clinical Examination addresses the diagnosis of systolic murmurs.[6] A blinded, cross-sectional study addresses provocative maneuvers to help distinguish systolic murmurs.[7]
Mitral valve insufficiency
Characteristics of severe mitral valve insufficiency (mitral regurgitation) are:[8]
- Holosystolic (pansystolic) murmur. Loudest at apex with radiation to the axilla
- Third heart sound
- Abnormal apical impulse
Aortic valve stenosis
Diastolic murmurs
More discussion is available online.[9]
Mitral valve stenosis
Characteristics of severe mitral valve stenosis are:[8]
- Mid-diastolic rumbling murmur
- Loud first heart sound
- Opening snap after the second heart sound
- Low pitched diastolic murmur following the opening snap with accentuation before the first heart sound
- Narrow pulse pressure
Aortic valve insufficiency
Characteristics of severe aortic valve insufficiency (aortic regurgitation) are:[8]
- Aortic ejection sound after the first heart sound
- Decrescendo diastolic murmur
- Mid-diastolic murmur (Austin Flint murmur)
- Wide pulse pressure
Indications for echocardiography
Indications for echocardiography have been formulated by clinical practice guidelines of the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association:[10] Class I recommendations
- "Echocardiography is recommended for asymptomatic patients with diastolic murmurs, continuous murmurs, holosystolic murmurs, late systolic murmurs, murmurs associated with ejection clicks or murmurs that radiate to the neck or back."
- "Echocardiography is recommended for patients with heart murmurs and symptoms or signs of heart failure, myocardial ischemia/infarction, syncope, thromboembolism, infective endocarditis, or other clinical evidence of structural heart disease."
- "Echocardiography is recommended for asymptomatic patients who have grade 3 or louder midpeaking systolic murmurs."
Class IIa recommendations
- "Echocardiography can be useful for the evaluation of asymptomatic patients with murmurs associated with other abnormal cardiac physical findings or murmurs associated with an abnormal ECG or chest X-ray."
- "Echocardiography can be useful for patients whose symptoms and/or signs are likely noncardiac in origin but in whom a cardiac basis cannot be excluded by standard evaluation."
Class III recommendations
- "Echocardiography is not recommended for patients who have a grade 2 or softer midsystolic murmur identified as innocent or functional."
Auscultation
Murmurs may be graded by their loudness:[11]
- Grade I - not heard immediately
- Grade II - heard immediately
- Grade III - hear immediately, but louder
- Grade IV - associated with palpable thrill
- Grade V - may be heard with stethoscope partially off the chest
- Grade VI - may be heard with stethoscope off the chest
References
- ↑ Anonymous (2024), Heart murmur (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Singh JP, Evans JC, Levy D, et al (March 1999). "Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study)". The American journal of cardiology 83 (6): 897–902. PMID 10190406. [e]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Otto CM, Lind BK, Kitzman DW, Gersh BJ, Siscovick DS (July 1999). "Association of aortic-valve sclerosis with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the elderly". The New England journal of medicine 341 (3): 142–7. PMID 10403851. [e]
- ↑ (1990) “The First Heart Sound”, Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW: Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations (in English), 3rd. London: Butterworths. LCC RC71 .C63. ISBN 0-409-90077-X. “See image of cardiac cycle at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cm&partid=333&rendertype=figure&id=A684” Library of Congress
- ↑ Alpert MA (1990). “Systolic Murmurs”, Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW: Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations (in English), 3rd. London: Butterworths, 131. LCC RC71 .C63. ISBN 0-409-90077-X. Library of Congress PDF
- ↑ Etchells E, Bell C, Robb K (February 1997). "Does this patient have an abnormal systolic murmur?". JAMA : the Journal of the American Medical Association 277 (7): 564–71. PMID 9032164. [e] Full text at OVID
- ↑ Lembo NJ, Dell'Italia LJ, Crawford MH, O'Rourke RA (June 1988). "Bedside diagnosis of systolic murmurs". The New England journal of medicine 318 (24): 1572–8. PMID 2897627. [e]
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 St Clair EW, Oddone EZ, Waugh RA, Corey GR, Feussner JR (1992). "Assessing housestaff diagnostic skills using a cardiology patient simulator.". Ann Intern Med 117 (9): 751-6. PMID 1416578.
- ↑ Crawley IS (1990). “Diastolic Murmurs”, Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW: Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations (in English), 3rd. London: Butterworths, 138. LCC RC71 .C63. ISBN 0-409-90077-X. Library of Congress PDF
- ↑ Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Otto CM, Shah PM, Shanewise JS, Smith SC Jr, Jacobs AK, Adams CD, Anderson JL, Antman EM, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Halperin JL, Hiratzka LF, Hunt SA, Lytle BW, Nishimura R, Page RL, Riegel B.ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons.Circulation. 2006 Aug 1;114(5):e84-231. PMID 16880336
- ↑ McGee, Steven R. (2007). “Heart Murmurs: General Principles”, Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis. Philadelphia: Saunders, 456. ISBN 1-4160-2898-6.
Bibliography
- Drummond Rennie; David Simel (2008). THE RATIONAL CLINICAL EXAMINATION: EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS (Jama & Archives Journals). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 0-07-159030-7.
- McGee, Steven R. (2007). Evidence-Based Physical Diagnosis. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 1-4160-2898-6.
- (1990) Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW: Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations (in English), 3rd. London: Butterworths. LCC RC71 .C63. ISBN 0-409-90077-X. Library of Congress