Clathrate: Difference between revisions
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'''Clathrates''' (from the Latin ''clatratus'', meaning "with bars") are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when [[water]] molecules form a cage-like structure around smaller 'guest molecules'. The most common guest molecules are [[methane]], [[ethane]], [[propane]], [[isobutane]], normal [[butane]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon dioxide]] and [[hydrogen | '''Clathrates''' (from the Latin ''clatratus'', meaning "with bars") are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when [[water]] molecules form a cage-like structure around smaller 'guest molecules'. The most common guest molecules are [[methane]], [[ethane]], [[propane]], [[isobutane]], normal [[butane]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon dioxide]] and [[hydrogen sulphide]]. | ||
Clathrates, also called ''gas hydrates'', were discovered in 1810 by [[Sir Humphrey Davy]]. In the 1930s clathrates were a problem, clogging gas pipelines under cold conditions. In clathrates, water crystallizes into ice in a cubic system, rather than in the normal hexagonal structure. In the most common hydrate structures, (Structure I), the cages are arranged in body-centered packing; the unit cell contains 46 molecules of water and up to eight of [[methane]]. If all cages were occupied by methane, 1 m3 of solid hydrate could contain 170.7 m3 of methane gas at standard temperature and pressure. In nature, 1 m3 of hydrate contains up to 164 m3 of methane. <ref>[http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm Clathrates: little known components of the global carbon cycle]</ref> | Clathrates, also called ''gas hydrates'', were discovered in 1810 by [[Sir Humphrey Davy]]. In the 1930s clathrates were a problem, clogging gas pipelines under cold conditions. In clathrates, water crystallizes into ice in a cubic system, rather than in the normal hexagonal structure. In the most common hydrate structures, (Structure I), the cages are arranged in body-centered packing; the unit cell contains 46 molecules of water and up to eight of [[methane]]. If all cages were occupied by methane, 1 m3 of solid hydrate could contain 170.7 m3 of methane gas at standard temperature and pressure. In nature, 1 m3 of hydrate contains up to 164 m3 of methane. <ref>[http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm Clathrates: little known components of the global carbon cycle]</ref> | ||
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Recently clathrates have received attention as a possible energy source<ref>[http://environmental-economics.blogspot.com/2007/08/methane-hydrates-clathrates-could-power.html Methane Hydrates (Clathrates) Could Power The World ''Economist''August 27, 2007</ref>. They may play a role in large undersea slumps which could result in tsunamis, and in climate variability.<ref>Keiffer SW ''et al.'' (2006) A Clathrate Reservoir Hypothesis for Enceladus' South Polar Plume ''Science'' http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/314/5806/1764 314:1764-6]</ref> | Recently clathrates have received attention as a possible energy source<ref>[http://environmental-economics.blogspot.com/2007/08/methane-hydrates-clathrates-could-power.html Methane Hydrates (Clathrates) Could Power The World ''Economist''August 27, 2007</ref>. They may play a role in large undersea slumps which could result in tsunamis, and in climate variability.<ref>Keiffer SW ''et al.'' (2006) A Clathrate Reservoir Hypothesis for Enceladus' South Polar Plume ''Science'' http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/314/5806/1764 314:1764-6]</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Latest revision as of 12:00, 29 July 2024
Clathrates (from the Latin clatratus, meaning "with bars") are crystalline solids which look like ice, and which occur when water molecules form a cage-like structure around smaller 'guest molecules'. The most common guest molecules are methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, normal butane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide.
Clathrates, also called gas hydrates, were discovered in 1810 by Sir Humphrey Davy. In the 1930s clathrates were a problem, clogging gas pipelines under cold conditions. In clathrates, water crystallizes into ice in a cubic system, rather than in the normal hexagonal structure. In the most common hydrate structures, (Structure I), the cages are arranged in body-centered packing; the unit cell contains 46 molecules of water and up to eight of methane. If all cages were occupied by methane, 1 m3 of solid hydrate could contain 170.7 m3 of methane gas at standard temperature and pressure. In nature, 1 m3 of hydrate contains up to 164 m3 of methane. [1]
Recently clathrates have received attention as a possible energy source[2]. They may play a role in large undersea slumps which could result in tsunamis, and in climate variability.[3]
References
- ↑ Clathrates: little known components of the global carbon cycle
- ↑ [http://environmental-economics.blogspot.com/2007/08/methane-hydrates-clathrates-could-power.html Methane Hydrates (Clathrates) Could Power The World EconomistAugust 27, 2007
- ↑ Keiffer SW et al. (2006) A Clathrate Reservoir Hypothesis for Enceladus' South Polar Plume Science http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/314/5806/1764 314:1764-6]