Neutropenia: Difference between revisions

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'''Neutropenia''' is "a decrease in the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref>
'''Neutropenia''' is "a decrease in the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood."<ref>{{MeSH}}</ref> It is a subset of [[leukopenia]] and its subset [[granulocytopenia]]. The Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) is used to define levels of neutropenia; it can be calculated from components of the [[complete blood count]] or directly measured by some blood analyzers.


The [[half-life]] of a [[neutrophil]] is less than one-half of a day.
The [[half-life]] of a [[neutrophil]] is less than one-half of a day.
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==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Grading===
Rather by definition, the diagnosis is a laboratory  determination, although history and physical may help establish the cause. Since the routine [[complete blood count]] allows computation or measurement of neutrophils, neutropenia may come up on routine screening.
Grading is:<ref name="title">{{cite web |url=http://ctep.cancer.gov/forms/CTCv20_4-30-992.pdf |author=Anonymous|publisher=Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program|title=Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) |accessdate=2008-01-06 |format= |work=|year=1999}}</ref>
===Guidelines===
* Grade 1: < 2.0 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 2000/mm<sup>3</sup>) and > 1.1 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (> 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>)
There are three general guidelines<ref name=Godwin2009-Intro>{{citation
* Grade 2: < 1.5 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>) and > 1.0 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (> 1000/mm<sup>3</sup>)
| title = Neutropenia: Introduction
* Grade 3: < 1.0 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 1000/mm<sup>3</sup>) and > 0.5 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (> 500/mm<sup>3</sup>)
| author = John E Godwin and Christopher D Braden
* Grade 4: < 0.5 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 500/mm<sup>3</sup>)
| date = 4 October 2009
 
| journal = eMedicine
== Simple Definitions ==
| url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/204821-overview
 
}}</ref> used to classify the severity of neutropenia based on the [[absolute neutrophil count]] (ANC) measured in cells per microliter of blood, and reported as a count:  
 
There are three general guidelines used to classify the severity of neutropenia based on the[[absolute neutrophil count]] (ANC) measured in cells per[[micro liter]] of blood:  


*Mild neutropenia (1000 < ANC < 1500) — minimal risk of [[infection]]  
*Mild neutropenia (1000 < ANC < 1500) — minimal risk of [[infection]]  
Line 23: Line 21:
*Severe neutropenia (ANC < 500) — severe risk of infection.  
*Severe neutropenia (ANC < 500) — severe risk of infection.  


NOTE: These are ranges for Caucasians. Neutropenia in black individuals is defined as ANC < 1200. The following information is from WikiDoc.
In infants aged 2 weeks to 1 year, the lower limit of normal ANC is 1000/µL. There is variation for ethnicity. <ref>{{citation
| title = It's as simple as black and white!: Race and ethnicity as categorical variables
| author = Dale E. Hammerschmidt
| journal = J Lab Clin Med
| date =  1 January 1999 | volume=133 |issue=1 | pages=10-12 |DOI = 10.1053/lc.1999.v133.a94932
| url = http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/ymlc/article/S0022-2143%2899%2900014-1/fulltext
}}</ref>  When they are available, it is desirable to state predictors and ranges in terms of genetic markers rather than the more imprecise race. Subsequent work indicates that the race-related generic abnormality is the "Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine (DARC), which is associated with the ethnic group to which individuals belong. The [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]] strongly associated with race is DARC rs2814778."<ref name =LabHem2009-09>{{citation
| journal = Laboratory Hematology
| volume=15 | issue = 3 |date = September 2009
| pages = 25 - 29
| title = (Abstract) Ethnic and Genetic Causes of Neutropenia: Clinical and Therapeutic Implications
| author = Guido D'Angelo
| url = http://cardenjennings.metapress.com/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,2,4;journal,4,41;linkingpublicationresults,1:104952,1
}}</ref>


For ease of reading the following measurements can be written as:
Neutropenia is more commonly found in women and the elderly. [[Benign ethnic neutropenia]] has been  observed in Africans, African-Caribbean persons, West Indians Ethiopians, [[Yemenite Jews]] and certain[[ Arabs]].<ref>{{citation
| title = (Abstract) Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences.
| journal = Ann Intern Med.  | year = 2007 | volume= 146 | issue =7 | pages= 486-92
| url = http://www.medscape.com/medline/abstract/17404350}}</ref>
===Grading===
A more formal grading system is:<ref name="title">{{cite web |url=http://ctep.cancer.gov/forms/CTCv20_4-30-992.pdf |author=Anonymous|publisher=Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program|title=Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC) |accessdate=2008-01-06 |format= |work=|year=1999}}</ref>
* Grade 1: < 2.0 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 2000/mm<sup>3</sup>) and > 1.1 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (> 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>)
* Grade 2: < 1.5 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 1500/mm<sup>3</sup>) and > 1.0 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (> 1000/mm<sup>3</sup>)
* Grade 3: < 1.0 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 1000/mm<sup>3</sup>) and > 0.5 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (> 500/mm<sup>3</sup>)
* Grade 4: < 0.5 x 10<sup>9</sup>/L (< 500/mm<sup>3</sup>


*Mild neutropenia ranges between 1,000 to 1,500 absolute neutrophil count (ANC) measured in cells per micro liter of blood.  There is a minimal risk of infection.
== Differential diagnosis ==
*Moderate neutropenia ranges between 500 to 1,000 absolute neutrophil count (ANC) measured in cells per micro liter of blood. There is a moderate risk of infection.
There are many causes of neutropenia. Some causes are caused by infections while others are not.  Some causes of neutropenia may include [[Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome]] (AIDS), [[influenza]], [[typhus]], [[malaria]], [[tuberculosis]], [[dengue]], [[Rickettsial]] infections, [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Sjogren’s syndrome]], [[Felty’s syndrome]], [[Kostmann syndrome]], enlargement of the [[spleen]], [[folate]] deficiencies and [[sepsis]]. <ref name=Sachdeva2009-Diff>{{citation
*Severe neutropenia is less than absolute neutrophil count (ANC) measured in cells per micro liter of blood. There is a severe risk of infection.
| title = Granulocytopenia: Differential Diagnosis & Workup
 
| author = Kush Sachdeva
Neutropenia is more commonly found in women and the elderly.
| date = 9 April 2009
 
| journal = eMedicine
[[Benign]] ethnic neutropenia has been  observed in Africans, African-Caribbean persons, West Indians Ethiopians, [[Yemenite Jews]] and certain[[ Arabs]], according to the Annals of Internal Medicine.
  | url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/200473-diagnosis
}}</ref>
===Idiopathic and secondary neutropenias===
====Idiopathic neutropenia====
'''[[Idiopathic]] neutropenia''' includes many types of neutropenia and can happen at any point in life for unknown reasons. It can occur in both adults and [[children]] and the effects are variable based on disease severity. As with any classification of "idiopathic" disease, there is an implication that common causes have been ruled out.
====Autoimmune neutropenia====
'''[[Autoimmune]] neutropenia''' is found in children between six months and four-years-old that have not been diagnosed with congenital neutropenia. This is the most common cause of neutropenia for children in this age group. Severe bacterial infections are rare. Autoimmune neutropenia may also be found in adults, who are usually between the ages of 20 to 40, and most commonly [[women]]. This condition is usually associated with other medical conditions.
====Drug-induced neutropenia====
'''Other medical conditions''' or medicines may cause neutropenia. [[Cancer]] patients undergoing [[chemotherapy]] could develop neutropenia.
====Febrile neutropenia====
[[Clinical practice guideline]]s define [[fever|febrile]] neutropenia as "a single oral temperature of >=38.3°C (101°F)  or a temperature of >=38.0°C (100.4°F) for >= 1 h. Neutropenia  is defined as a neutrophil count of <500  cells/mm3, or a count of <1000  cells/mm3 with a predicted decrease to <500  cells/mm3"<ref name="pmid11850858">{{cite journal |author=Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, ''et al'' |title=2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=730–51 |year=2002 |pmid=11850858 |doi=10.1086/339215|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/issues/v34n6/011605/011605.html}}</ref>


A [[clinical prediction rule]] can estimate the risk of morbidity in the febrile patient with neutropenia.<ref name="pmid10944139">{{cite journal |author=Klastersky J, Paesmans M, Rubenstein EB, ''et al'' |title=The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk index: A multinational scoring system for identifying low-risk febrile neutropenic cancer patients |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=18 |issue=16 |pages=3038–51 |year=2000 |pmid=10944139 |doi=|url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/18/16/3038}} (See [http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/18/16/3038/TBL60416 Table 4] for the prediction rule)</ref> A score of >=21 indicates low risk.
===Congenital neutropenia with associated immune defects===
* Neutropenia with abnormal immunoglobulins: This disorder is observed in individuals with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, isolated immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency, X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M (XHIGM) syndrome, and dysgammaglobulinemia type I. In XHIGM, which is due to mutations in the CD40 ligand, patients can actually have normal or elevated levels of IgM but markedly decreased serum IgG levels.
* Reticular dysgenesis: Patients demonstrate severe neutropenia, no cell-mediated immunity.<ref name =LabHem2009-09/> [[agammaglobulinemia]], and [[lymphopenia]]. Life-threatening infections occur that are refractory to [[granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ]](G-CSF).10,11,2 Bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice.
===Primary inherited neutropenias===
[[Kostmann syndrome]], [[cyclic neutropenia]] and autoimmune neutropenia are considered [[rare]] [[medical]] disorders of the [[blood]].  Patients may register with the [[Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry]] (SCNIR) founded in 1994 to monitor the clinical course, treatment and disease outcomes of registered patients.
====Kostmann syndrome====
{{main|Kostmann syndrome}}
Kostmann syndrome, also known as [[congenital neutropenia]], is present at [[birth]]. It was first described in 1956,<ref>{{citation
| author = Kostmann R. Infantile genetic agranulocytosis. A new recessive lethal disease in man
| jorunal = Acta Paediatr Scand | year = 1956
| volume = 105 Suppl| pages =1-78.
}}</ref> in the Swedish Kostmann family. Before the availability of [[granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]], it was largely lethal although some family members survived with antibiotic therapy.<ref name=Carlsson>{{citation
| url = http://www.haematologica.org/cgi/reprint/91/5/589
| journal = Haematologica
| author = Carlsson G ''et al. ''
| volume = 91 | issue = 5 | page = 589
| title = Neutrophil elastase and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor mutation analyses and leukemia evolution in severe congenital neutropenia patients belonging to the original Kostmann family in northern Sweden
}}</ref> The general incidence is 1-2 per million, and mortality in the first year of life remains at 70% without G-CSF, bone marrow transplantation, or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.<ref>{{citation
|  title =Kostmann Disease: overview
| url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/887140-overview
| author = Michael S Tankersley
| date = 11 November 2008
| journal = eMedicine:  Pediatrics: General Medicine > Allergy & Immunology}}</ref>


== Determining Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) ==
It has been believed inherited disease and therefore, more than one family member can be affected, but sporadic occurrence with only one patient in a family may occur.  Genetic counseling can be offered to persons with a family history, <ref>{{citation
|  title =Kostmann Disease: followup
| url = http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/887140-followup
| author = Michael S Tankersley
| date = 11 November 2008
| journal = eMedicine:  Pediatrics: General Medicine > Allergy & Immunology}}</ref> although [[Kostmann syndrome#genetics|the genetics]] are not completely clear.<ref name=Carlsson/>


Neutropenia is a subset of a leukopenia.[[ Leukopenia]] means a low white blood cell count while Neutropenia represents a lowered neutrophil count. Neutropenia has many causes and can be temporary. The Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) is the determining factor when it comes to evaluating neutropenia counts.
The disease is usually detected after an infant presents with a severe infection, with severe neutropenia and:
* Temperature instability in newborn period
* Fever
* Irritability
* Localized site(s) of infection


[[Absolute Neutrophil Count]] (ANC) is determined by using the results of your blood test, normally the differential white blood cell count (WBC).  [[Neutrophils]] make up 50 to 70 percent of the [[white blood cell]] count. To determine your ANC use the following formula:
Neutrophils typically are in an arrested state of development or maturation arrest in the [[bone marrow]]. The neutrophils rarely mature to full stage development leaving the patient incapable of fighting off infection. Diagnosis is usually made during [[infancy]].


(% of  neutrophils + % of bands) X WBC count = ANC.
====Cyclic neutropenia====
 
Cyclic neutropenia also is believed to be inherited. Neutrophil activity runs in cycles, typically 21 days, and range from normal blood counts to low blood counts. It is common for the ANC to drop to less than 200 cells/µl) (0.2 x 109/l). Common symptoms during the low period of the cycle may include mouth [[ulcers]] and [[inflammation]]. Infections such as [[otitis media]], [[pneumonia]] and [[bacteremia]]   are less likely to be seen.
Note:  Neutrophils are sometimes called “segs” or “polys” while young while blood cells are referred to as bands.
 
An example of this formula at work is illustrated here:
 
If the WBC is 1,000 and the percentage of neutrophils is 70 percent, and there are no young white blood cells (bands) present, the ANC would be 700, according to the American Cancer Society.
 
 
 
 
== Causes ==
 
 
There are many causes of neutropenia. Some causes are caused by infections while others are not.  Some causes of neutropenia may include Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), influenza, typhus, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, Rickettsial infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s Syndrome, Felty’s Syndrome, Kostmann Syndrome, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies and sepsis, according to WikiDoc.
 
 
== Types ==
 
 
Kostmann Syndrome, Cyclic Neutropenia, Idiopathic Neutropenia and autoimmune neutropenia are considered rare medical disorders of the blood.  Patients may register with the Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry (SCNIR) founded in 1994 to monitor the clinical course, treatment and disease outcomes of registered patients.
 
 
== The following information is from SCNIR: ==
 
 
'''Kostmann Syndrome''', known as Congential neutropenia, is rare neutropenia found at birth. It is an inherited disease and can affect more than one family member. Congenital neutropenia, often also called Kostmann syndrome is a rare type of neutropenia that is present at birth. It is an inherited disease and therefore, more than one family member can be affected, but sporadic occurrence with only one patient in a family may occur.  There is no prenatal testing available to check for Kostmann Syndrome. Children affected by Kostmann Syndrome are usually severe and children may have no neutrophils present in the blood. Neutrophils typically are in an arrested state of development or maturation arrest in the bone marrow. The neutrophils rarely mature to full stage development leaving the patient incapable of fighting off infection. Diagnosis is usually made during infancy.
 
'''Cyclic neutropenia''' is another inherited blood disorder. Neutrophil activity runs in cycles, typically 21 days, and range from normal blood counts to low blood counts. It is common for the ANC to drop to less than 200 cells/µl) (0.2 x 109/l). Common symptoms during the low period of the cycle may include mouth ulcers and inflammation. Severe infections such as otitis media (ear infections), pneumonia and bacteraemia (bacterial blood infections) are less likely to be seen.
 
Patients suspected of Cyclic neutropenia go through a specific type of testing to determine if they have Cyclic neutropenia.
 
“Cyclic neutropenia occurs because of fluctuating rates of cell production by the bone marrow stem cells”
 
'''Idiopathic neutropenia''' includes many types of neutropenia and can happen at any point in life for unknown reasons. It can occur in both adults and children and the effects are variable based on disease severity.
 
'''Autoimmune neutropenia''' is found in children between six months and four-years-old that have not been diagnosed with congenital neutropenia. This is the most common cause of neutropenia for children in this age group. Severe bacterial infections are rare. Autoimmune neutropenia may also be found in adults, who are usually between the ages of 20 to 40, and most commonly women. This condition is usually associated with other medical conditions.
 
'''Other medical conditions''' or medicines may cause neutropenia. Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy could develop neutropenia.
 
==Febrile neutropenia==
[[Clinical practice guideline]]s define [[fever|febrile]] neutropenia as "a single oral temperature of >=38.3°C (101°F)  or a temperature of >=38.0°C (100.4°F) for >= 1 h. Neutropenia  is defined as a neutrophil count of <500  cells/mm3, or a count of <1000  cells/mm3 with a predicted decrease to <500  cells/mm3"<ref name="pmid11850858">{{cite journal |author=Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, ''et al'' |title=2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=730–51 |year=2002 |pmid=11850858 |doi=10.1086/339215|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/CID/journal/issues/v34n6/011605/011605.html}}</ref>
 
A [[clinical prediction rule]] can estimate the risk of morbidity in the febrile patient with neutropenia.<ref name="pmid10944139">{{cite journal |author=Klastersky J, Paesmans M, Rubenstein EB, ''et al'' |title=The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk index: A multinational scoring system for identifying low-risk febrile neutropenic cancer patients |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=18 |issue=16 |pages=3038–51 |year=2000 |pmid=10944139 |doi=|url=http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/18/16/3038}} (See [http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/18/16/3038/TBL60416 Table 4] for the prediction rule)</ref> A score of >=21 indicates low risk.


==Prevention==
==Prevention==
Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors for [[primary prevention]] of febrile neutropenia may not decrease mortality but do decrease infections in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation according to a [[systematic review]].<ref name="pmid17876022">{{cite journal |author=Sung L, Nathan PC, Alibhai SM, Tomlinson GA, Beyene J |title=Meta-analysis: effect of prophylactic hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors on mortality and outcomes of infection |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=400–11 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17876022 |doi= |url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=17876022 |issn=}}</ref>
Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors for [[primary prevention]] of febrile neutropenia may not decrease mortality but do decrease infections in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation according to a [[systematic review]].<ref name="pmid17876022">{{cite journal |author=Sung L, Nathan PC, Alibhai SM, Tomlinson GA, Beyene J |title=Meta-analysis: effect of prophylactic hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors on mortality and outcomes of infection |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=147 |issue=6 |pages=400–11 |year=2007 |month=September |pmid=17876022 |doi= |url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=17876022 |issn=}}</ref>


Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is indicated in selected settings<ref name="pmid17634496">{{cite journal |author=Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, Lyman GH |title=Impact of primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on febrile neutropenia and mortality in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=25 |issue=21 |pages=3158–67 |year=2007 |pmid=17634496 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8823}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/148/1/issue/ACPJC-2008-148-1-007.htm ACP JC Review]</ref><ref name="isbn1-55009-213-8">{{cite book |author=Frei, Emil; Kufe, Donald W.; Holland, James F. |title=Cancer medicine 6: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
==Treatment==
If neutropenia is secondary to another disease or external chemical, that disorder must be treated. When there is both neutropenia and immunoglobulin deficiency, the infection risk is high, and the treatment is [[intravenous immunoglobulin]] (IVIG).
===Using G-CSF===
[[Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] can be a potent treatment for severe neutropenia, but it is expensive and not without risk.<ref name=Guide>{{citation
| author = Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH, Ozer H, Armitage JO, Balducci L, Bennett CL, Cantor SB, Crawford J, Cross SJ, Demetri G, Desch CE, Pizzo PA, Schiffer CA, Schwartzberg L, Somerfield MR, Somlo G, Wade JC, Wade JL, Winn RJ, Wozniak AJ, Wolff A
| title = 2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline
| journal = J Clin Oncol
| date = 2006 Jul 1| volume = 24 | issue = 19 | pages = 3187-205
| url =http://guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=9419 }}</ref> Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is indicated in selected settings<ref name="pmid17634496">{{cite journal |author=Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, Lyman GH |title=Impact of primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on febrile neutropenia and mortality in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=25 |issue=21 |pages=3158–67 |year=2007 |pmid=17634496 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8823}} [http://www.acpjc.org/Content/148/1/issue/ACPJC-2008-148-1-007.htm ACP JC Review]</ref><ref name="isbn1-55009-213-8">{{cite book |author=Frei, Emil; Kufe, Donald W.; Holland, James F. |title=Cancer medicine 6: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
  |publisher=BC Decker |location=Hamilton, Ont |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=1-55009-213-8 |oclc= |doi=}}[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed6.section.14491#14497 Full text]</ref> if the projected chance of febrile neutropenia is at least 20%.<ref name="pmid16682719">{{cite journal |author=Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH, ''et al'' |title=2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=19 |pages=3187–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16682719 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.06.4451}}</ref>
  |publisher=BC Decker |location=Hamilton, Ont |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=1-55009-213-8 |oclc= |doi=}}[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed6.section.14491#14497 Full text]</ref> if the projected chance of febrile neutropenia is at least 20%.<ref name="pmid16682719">{{cite journal |author=Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH, ''et al'' |title=2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline |journal=J. Clin. Oncol. |volume=24 |issue=19 |pages=3187–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16682719 |doi=10.1200/JCO.2006.06.4451}}</ref>
==References==
==References==
<references/>
{{reflist|2}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]]

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Neutropenia is "a decrease in the number of neutrophilic leukocytes in the blood."[1] It is a subset of leukopenia and its subset granulocytopenia. The Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) is used to define levels of neutropenia; it can be calculated from components of the complete blood count or directly measured by some blood analyzers.

The half-life of a neutrophil is less than one-half of a day. [2]

Diagnosis

Rather by definition, the diagnosis is a laboratory determination, although history and physical may help establish the cause. Since the routine complete blood count allows computation or measurement of neutrophils, neutropenia may come up on routine screening.

Guidelines

There are three general guidelines[3] used to classify the severity of neutropenia based on the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) measured in cells per microliter of blood, and reported as a count:

  • Mild neutropenia (1000 < ANC < 1500) — minimal risk of infection
  • Moderate neutropenia (500 < ANC < 1000) — moderate risk of infection
  • Severe neutropenia (ANC < 500) — severe risk of infection.

In infants aged 2 weeks to 1 year, the lower limit of normal ANC is 1000/µL. There is variation for ethnicity. [4] When they are available, it is desirable to state predictors and ranges in terms of genetic markers rather than the more imprecise race. Subsequent work indicates that the race-related generic abnormality is the "Duffy antigen receptor for chemokine (DARC), which is associated with the ethnic group to which individuals belong. The single-nucleotide polymorphism strongly associated with race is DARC rs2814778."[5]

Neutropenia is more commonly found in women and the elderly. Benign ethnic neutropenia has been observed in Africans, African-Caribbean persons, West Indians Ethiopians, Yemenite Jews and certainArabs.[6]

Grading

A more formal grading system is:[7]

  • Grade 1: < 2.0 x 109/L (< 2000/mm3) and > 1.1 x 109/L (> 1500/mm3)
  • Grade 2: < 1.5 x 109/L (< 1500/mm3) and > 1.0 x 109/L (> 1000/mm3)
  • Grade 3: < 1.0 x 109/L (< 1000/mm3) and > 0.5 x 109/L (> 500/mm3)
  • Grade 4: < 0.5 x 109/L (< 500/mm3

Differential diagnosis

There are many causes of neutropenia. Some causes are caused by infections while others are not. Some causes of neutropenia may include Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), influenza, typhus, malaria, tuberculosis, dengue, Rickettsial infections, systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, Felty’s syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, enlargement of the spleen, folate deficiencies and sepsis. [8]

Idiopathic and secondary neutropenias

Idiopathic neutropenia

Idiopathic neutropenia includes many types of neutropenia and can happen at any point in life for unknown reasons. It can occur in both adults and children and the effects are variable based on disease severity. As with any classification of "idiopathic" disease, there is an implication that common causes have been ruled out.

Autoimmune neutropenia

Autoimmune neutropenia is found in children between six months and four-years-old that have not been diagnosed with congenital neutropenia. This is the most common cause of neutropenia for children in this age group. Severe bacterial infections are rare. Autoimmune neutropenia may also be found in adults, who are usually between the ages of 20 to 40, and most commonly women. This condition is usually associated with other medical conditions.

Drug-induced neutropenia

Other medical conditions or medicines may cause neutropenia. Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy could develop neutropenia.

Febrile neutropenia

Clinical practice guidelines define febrile neutropenia as "a single oral temperature of >=38.3°C (101°F) or a temperature of >=38.0°C (100.4°F) for >= 1 h. Neutropenia is defined as a neutrophil count of <500 cells/mm3, or a count of <1000 cells/mm3 with a predicted decrease to <500 cells/mm3"[9]

A clinical prediction rule can estimate the risk of morbidity in the febrile patient with neutropenia.[10] A score of >=21 indicates low risk.

Congenital neutropenia with associated immune defects

  • Neutropenia with abnormal immunoglobulins: This disorder is observed in individuals with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, isolated immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency, X-linked hyperimmunoglobulin M (XHIGM) syndrome, and dysgammaglobulinemia type I. In XHIGM, which is due to mutations in the CD40 ligand, patients can actually have normal or elevated levels of IgM but markedly decreased serum IgG levels.
  • Reticular dysgenesis: Patients demonstrate severe neutropenia, no cell-mediated immunity.[5] agammaglobulinemia, and lymphopenia. Life-threatening infections occur that are refractory to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF).10,11,2 Bone marrow transplantation is the treatment of choice.

Primary inherited neutropenias

Kostmann syndrome, cyclic neutropenia and autoimmune neutropenia are considered rare medical disorders of the blood. Patients may register with the Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry (SCNIR) founded in 1994 to monitor the clinical course, treatment and disease outcomes of registered patients.

Kostmann syndrome

For more information, see: Kostmann syndrome.

Kostmann syndrome, also known as congenital neutropenia, is present at birth. It was first described in 1956,[11] in the Swedish Kostmann family. Before the availability of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, it was largely lethal although some family members survived with antibiotic therapy.[12] The general incidence is 1-2 per million, and mortality in the first year of life remains at 70% without G-CSF, bone marrow transplantation, or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.[13]

It has been believed inherited disease and therefore, more than one family member can be affected, but sporadic occurrence with only one patient in a family may occur. Genetic counseling can be offered to persons with a family history, [14] although the genetics are not completely clear.[12]

The disease is usually detected after an infant presents with a severe infection, with severe neutropenia and:

  • Temperature instability in newborn period
  • Fever
  • Irritability
  • Localized site(s) of infection

Neutrophils typically are in an arrested state of development or maturation arrest in the bone marrow. The neutrophils rarely mature to full stage development leaving the patient incapable of fighting off infection. Diagnosis is usually made during infancy.

Cyclic neutropenia

Cyclic neutropenia also is believed to be inherited. Neutrophil activity runs in cycles, typically 21 days, and range from normal blood counts to low blood counts. It is common for the ANC to drop to less than 200 cells/µl) (0.2 x 109/l). Common symptoms during the low period of the cycle may include mouth ulcers and inflammation. Infections such as otitis media, pneumonia and bacteremia are less likely to be seen.

Prevention

Hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors for primary prevention of febrile neutropenia may not decrease mortality but do decrease infections in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation according to a systematic review.[15]

Treatment

If neutropenia is secondary to another disease or external chemical, that disorder must be treated. When there is both neutropenia and immunoglobulin deficiency, the infection risk is high, and the treatment is intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG).

Using G-CSF

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can be a potent treatment for severe neutropenia, but it is expensive and not without risk.[16] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is indicated in selected settings[17][18] if the projected chance of febrile neutropenia is at least 20%.[19]

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2024), Neutropenia (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ Carneiro, José; Junqueira, Luiz Carlos Uchôa (2005). Basic histology: text & atlas. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. ISBN 0-07-144091-7. 
  3. ↑ John E Godwin and Christopher D Braden (4 October 2009), "Neutropenia: Introduction", eMedicine
  4. ↑ Dale E. Hammerschmidt (1 January 1999), "It's as simple as black and white!: Race and ethnicity as categorical variables", J Lab Clin Med 133 (1): 10-12, DOI:10.1053/lc.1999.v133.a94932
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Guido D'Angelo (September 2009), "(Abstract) Ethnic and Genetic Causes of Neutropenia: Clinical and Therapeutic Implications", Laboratory Hematology 15 (3): 25 - 29
  6. ↑ "(Abstract) Prevalence of neutropenia in the U.S. population: age, sex, smoking status, and ethnic differences.", Ann Intern Med. 146 (7): 486-92, 2007
  7. ↑ Anonymous (1999). Common Toxicity Criteria (CTC). Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program. Retrieved on 2008-01-06.
  8. ↑ Kush Sachdeva (9 April 2009), "Granulocytopenia: Differential Diagnosis & Workup", eMedicine
  9. ↑ Hughes WT, Armstrong D, Bodey GP, et al (2002). "2002 guidelines for the use of antimicrobial agents in neutropenic patients with cancer". Clin. Infect. Dis. 34 (6): 730–51. DOI:10.1086/339215. PMID 11850858. Research Blogging.
  10. ↑ Klastersky J, Paesmans M, Rubenstein EB, et al (2000). "The Multinational Association for Supportive Care in Cancer risk index: A multinational scoring system for identifying low-risk febrile neutropenic cancer patients". J. Clin. Oncol. 18 (16): 3038–51. PMID 10944139. [e] (See Table 4 for the prediction rule)
  11. ↑ Kostmann R. Infantile genetic agranulocytosis. A new recessive lethal disease in man (1956), at 1-78.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Carlsson G et al. , "Neutrophil elastase and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor mutation analyses and leukemia evolution in severe congenital neutropenia patients belonging to the original Kostmann family in northern Sweden", Haematologica 91 (5): 589
  13. ↑ Michael S Tankersley (11 November 2008), "Kostmann Disease: overview", eMedicine: Pediatrics: General Medicine > Allergy & Immunology
  14. ↑ Michael S Tankersley (11 November 2008), "Kostmann Disease: followup", eMedicine: Pediatrics: General Medicine > Allergy & Immunology
  15. ↑ Sung L, Nathan PC, Alibhai SM, Tomlinson GA, Beyene J (September 2007). "Meta-analysis: effect of prophylactic hematopoietic colony-stimulating factors on mortality and outcomes of infection". Ann. Intern. Med. 147 (6): 400–11. PMID 17876022. [e]
  16. ↑ Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH, Ozer H, Armitage JO, Balducci L, Bennett CL, Cantor SB, Crawford J, Cross SJ, Demetri G, Desch CE, Pizzo PA, Schiffer CA, Schwartzberg L, Somerfield MR, Somlo G, Wade JC, Wade JL, Winn RJ, Wozniak AJ, Wolff A (2006 Jul 1), "2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline", J Clin Oncol 24 (19): 3187-205
  17. ↑ Kuderer NM, Dale DC, Crawford J, Lyman GH (2007). "Impact of primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on febrile neutropenia and mortality in adult cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: a systematic review". J. Clin. Oncol. 25 (21): 3158–67. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2006.08.8823. PMID 17634496. Research Blogging. ACP JC Review
  18. ↑ Frei, Emil; Kufe, Donald W.; Holland, James F. (2003). Cancer medicine 6: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker. ISBN 1-55009-213-8. Full text
  19. ↑ Smith TJ, Khatcheressian J, Lyman GH, et al (2006). "2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline". J. Clin. Oncol. 24 (19): 3187–205. DOI:10.1200/JCO.2006.06.4451. PMID 16682719. Research Blogging.
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