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'''Sterkfontein Caves'''(26 00' 56"S, 27 44' 03"E), near [[Krugersdorp, South Africa|Krugersdorp]], [[South Africa]], is one of the most important [[fossil]]sites for human origins in [[Africa]]. Since its discovery in 1936 more than 600 hominin remains and many thousands of fossil animals have been discovered. | {{subpages}} | ||
'''Sterkfontein Caves'''(26 00' 56"S, 27 44' 03"E), near [[Krugersdorp, South Africa|Krugersdorp]], [[South Africa]], is one of the most important [[fossil]] sites for understanding human origins in [[Africa]]. Since its discovery in 1936 more than 600 hominin remains and many thousands of fossil animals have been discovered. | |||
==Discovery of fossils== | ==Discovery of fossils== | ||
Sterkfontein was an active lime mine through the early parts of the twentieth century but was only discovered by [[Paleontology|palaeontologists]] as a potential source of important fossils when two of [[Raymond Dart|Raymond Dart’s]] [[anatomy]] students – GW Schepers and H le Riche – alerted first Dart and | Sterkfontein was an active lime mine through the early parts of the twentieth century but was only discovered by [[Paleontology|palaeontologists]] as a potential source of important fossils when two of [[Raymond Dart|Raymond Dart’s]] [[anatomy]] students – GW Schepers and H le Riche – alerted first Dart and then [[Robert Broom]] to the abundant fossils being recovered during lime mining activities <ref name="Berger3">{{cite book|title=|Field Guide to the Cradle of Humankind|accessdate=|author=Hilton-Barber. B and Berger, L.R|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2003 |format= |work= |publisher=Struik|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. Broom made his first trip to Sterkfontein in August of 1936 and within just a few days was rewarded with the first australopithecine fossil which was delivered to him by a Mr. GW Barlow, the mine manager<ref name="Berger3"/>. Numerous fossils followed including the now famous [[Mrs. Ples]] skull discovered in later work at the site. Broom felt the original fossils differed significantly from the [[Taung child|Taung child]] – which was the [[holotype]] for the species ''[[Australopithecus africanus]]'' – and he therefore named a new [[genus]] and [[species]] – ''Plesianthropus transvaalensis''<ref name="Berger3"/><ref name="Broom1">{{cite book|title=|The South African ape man the Australopithecinae|accessdate=|author=Broom, R. and Schepers, G.W.H.|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=1946 |format= |work= |publisher=Ann. Transv. Mus.|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. From that point onwards Sterkfontein became a significant source of early hominin fossils and animal fossils and later tools were discovered. Subsequent research has shown that most of the fossil hominins from Sterkfontein actually belong to the same species as the Taung child – ''A. africanus''<ref name="Berger3"/>. | ||
==Excavation history== | ==Excavation history== | ||
Broom – mid 1930’s to early 1940’s. | *Broom – mid 1930’s to early 1940’s.<ref name="Broom1"/> | ||
Broom and [[JT Robinson]] – 1947 – 1948 | *Broom and [[JT Robinson]] – 1947 – 1948 <ref name="Berger3"/> | ||
[[C.K. “Bob” Brain]] and Robinson – intermittently during the 1950’s | *[[C.K. “Bob” Brain]] and Robinson – intermittently during the 1950’s <ref name="Berger3"/> | ||
[[Phillip Tobias]] – 1966 – present (he was joined by [[Ron Clark]] in the early 1990’s) | *[[Phillip Tobias]] – 1966 – present (he was joined by [[Ron Clark]] in the early 1990’s)<ref name="Berger3"/> | ||
==Important fossils== | ==Important fossils== | ||
| Line 16: | Line 17: | ||
*Sts 5 – Mrs. Ples skull | *Sts 5 – Mrs. Ples skull | ||
*Sts 14 – a partial skeleton of a female ''A. africanus'' | *Sts 14 – a partial skeleton of a female ''A. africanus'' | ||
*Stw 53 - A possible ''[[Homo habilis]]'' skull (although there is considerable debate about its [[taxonomy]]. | |||
*Stw 431 – a partial skeleton of a male ''A. africanus'' which was the basis for the “long arms and short legs” hypothesis. | *Stw 431 – a partial skeleton of a male ''A. africanus'' which was the basis for the “long arms and short legs” hypothesis. | ||
*Stw 505 – a male ''A. africanus'' skull with the largest cranial capacity yet found for the species (approx. 520cc) | *Stw 505 – a male ''A. africanus'' skull with the largest cranial capacity yet found for the species (approx. 520cc) | ||
*[[Little Foot]] – possibly the most complete early hominin fossil yet discovered. | *Stw 573 -[[Little Foot]] – possibly the most complete early hominin fossil yet discovered. | ||
==Other facts== | ==Other facts== | ||
*''Plesianthropus transvaalensis'' means “Near Man of the Transvaal” (the Transvaal is the old name for the region encompassing [[Pretoria]] and [[Johannesburg]]) | *''Plesianthropus transvaalensis'' means “Near Man of the Transvaal”<ref name="Broom1"/> (the Transvaal is the old name for the region encompassing [[Pretoria]] and [[Johannesburg]]) | ||
*Mrs. Ples was originally assigned to the species ''Plesianthropus africanus''. <ref name="Berger3"/> | *Mrs. Ples was originally assigned to the species ''Plesianthropus africanus''. <ref name="Berger3"/><ref name="Broom1"/> | ||
*Broom and Robinson used dynamite in their search for fossils in the hard breccia and this practice lasted (although less frequently) until the mid 1990’s at Sterkfontein. <ref name="Berger3"/> | *Broom and Robinson used dynamite in their search for fossils in the hard breccia and this practice lasted (although less frequently) until the mid 1990’s at Sterkfontein. <ref name="Berger3"/><ref name="Broom1"/> | ||
*More hominin fossils have come from Sterkfontein than any other single locality in Africa. <ref name="Berger3"/> | *More hominin fossils have come from Sterkfontein than any other single locality in Africa. <ref name="Berger3"/> | ||
*Mrs. Ples might actually be Mr. Ples. | *Mrs. Ples might actually be Mr. Ples<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nfi.org.za/palaeo/Sts14.htm|title=The skeleton of Mrs. Ples|accessdate=2007-08-12|author=NFI|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2002 |format= |work= |publisher=|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. | ||
*Sterkfontein is the longest running single excavation for fossils in the World. | *Sterkfontein is the longest running single excavation for fossils in the World. | ||
*Broom was banned from working at Sterkfontein by the National Monuments Council for his use of [[dynamite]]. <ref name="Berger3"/> | *Broom was banned from working at Sterkfontein by the National Monuments Council for his use of [[dynamite]]. <ref name="Berger3"/> | ||
*There are possibly two other species of early hominin found at Sterkfontein - ''H. habilis'' and ''Paranthropus robustus''. | |||
*In 1999 Sterkfontein was included in the "[[Cradle of Humankind]]" [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage site]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.gov.za/ProjProg/WorldHerCon/WorldHerCon_contents.htm|title=World Heritage convention programme|accessdate=2007-08-12|author=UNESCO|authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2003 |format= |work= |publisher=|pages= |language= |archiveurl= |archivedate= |quote= }}</ref>. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}}[[Category:Suggestion Bot Tag]] | |||
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Latest revision as of 11:00, 22 October 2024
Sterkfontein Caves(26 00' 56"S, 27 44' 03"E), near Krugersdorp, South Africa, is one of the most important fossil sites for understanding human origins in Africa. Since its discovery in 1936 more than 600 hominin remains and many thousands of fossil animals have been discovered.
Discovery of fossils
Sterkfontein was an active lime mine through the early parts of the twentieth century but was only discovered by palaeontologists as a potential source of important fossils when two of Raymond Dart’s anatomy students – GW Schepers and H le Riche – alerted first Dart and then Robert Broom to the abundant fossils being recovered during lime mining activities [1]. Broom made his first trip to Sterkfontein in August of 1936 and within just a few days was rewarded with the first australopithecine fossil which was delivered to him by a Mr. GW Barlow, the mine manager[1]. Numerous fossils followed including the now famous Mrs. Ples skull discovered in later work at the site. Broom felt the original fossils differed significantly from the Taung child – which was the holotype for the species Australopithecus africanus – and he therefore named a new genus and species – Plesianthropus transvaalensis[1][2]. From that point onwards Sterkfontein became a significant source of early hominin fossils and animal fossils and later tools were discovered. Subsequent research has shown that most of the fossil hominins from Sterkfontein actually belong to the same species as the Taung child – A. africanus[1].
Excavation history
- Broom – mid 1930’s to early 1940’s.[2]
- Broom and JT Robinson – 1947 – 1948 [1]
- C.K. “Bob” Brain and Robinson – intermittently during the 1950’s [1]
- Phillip Tobias – 1966 – present (he was joined by Ron Clark in the early 1990’s)[1]
Important fossils
- Sts 5 – Mrs. Ples skull
- Sts 14 – a partial skeleton of a female A. africanus
- Stw 53 - A possible Homo habilis skull (although there is considerable debate about its taxonomy.
- Stw 431 – a partial skeleton of a male A. africanus which was the basis for the “long arms and short legs” hypothesis.
- Stw 505 – a male A. africanus skull with the largest cranial capacity yet found for the species (approx. 520cc)
- Stw 573 -Little Foot – possibly the most complete early hominin fossil yet discovered.
Other facts
- Plesianthropus transvaalensis means “Near Man of the Transvaal”[2] (the Transvaal is the old name for the region encompassing Pretoria and Johannesburg)
- Mrs. Ples was originally assigned to the species Plesianthropus africanus. [1][2]
- Broom and Robinson used dynamite in their search for fossils in the hard breccia and this practice lasted (although less frequently) until the mid 1990’s at Sterkfontein. [1][2]
- More hominin fossils have come from Sterkfontein than any other single locality in Africa. [1]
- Mrs. Ples might actually be Mr. Ples[3].
- Sterkfontein is the longest running single excavation for fossils in the World.
- Broom was banned from working at Sterkfontein by the National Monuments Council for his use of dynamite. [1]
- There are possibly two other species of early hominin found at Sterkfontein - H. habilis and Paranthropus robustus.
- In 1999 Sterkfontein was included in the "Cradle of Humankind" UNESCO World Heritage site[4].
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Hilton-Barber. B and Berger, L.R (2003). . Struik.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Broom, R. and Schepers, G.W.H. (1946). . Ann. Transv. Mus..
- ↑ NFI (2002). The skeleton of Mrs. Ples. Retrieved on 2007-08-12.
- ↑ UNESCO (2003). World Heritage convention programme. Retrieved on 2007-08-12.