Fourteen Points: Difference between revisions
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The '''Fourteen Points''' was a major policy position by U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], released in a speech to Congress on January 8, 1918. The goal was to identify the main underlying causes of war in the entire world, and to eliminate or minimize them. The first five points were broad in scope: open diplomacy; freedom of the seas; the beating down of economic barriers; the reduction of armament; and the adjustment of colonial claims on a fair basis. There followed Wilson's formulas for applying justice to specific countries or areas. The 14th point was a declaration in favor of an Association of Nations (or [[League of Nations]] to resolve unexpected conflicts and thus guarantee world peace. In three followup addresses, Wilson set forth elaborations, clarifications and new point, bringing the total proposals to twenty-three.<ref> Bailey (1947) pp 23ff</ref> | {{subpages}} | ||
The '''Fourteen Points''' was a major policy position by U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], released in a speech to Congress on January 8, 1918. The message was an expression of Wilsonian idealism in foreign policy, that is, of "[[Wilsonianism]]." The goal was to identify the main underlying causes of war in the entire world, and to eliminate or minimize them. The first five points were broad in scope: open diplomacy; freedom of the seas; the beating down of economic barriers; the reduction of armament; and the adjustment of colonial claims on a fair basis. There followed Wilson's formulas for applying justice to specific countries or areas. The 14th point was a declaration in favor of an Association of Nations (or [[League of Nations]] to resolve unexpected conflicts and thus guarantee world peace. In three followup addresses, Wilson set forth elaborations, clarifications and new point, bringing the total proposals to twenty-three.<ref> Bailey (1947) pp 23ff</ref> | |||
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Wilson did not invent new terms; he pulled together the best of existing war aims, including many that had been expressed by the British and a few that originated with the Germans and the Bolsheviks, and then added a few of his own. His timing was brilliant; it was the combination that was so powerful: here was an authoritative voice, unburdened by any treaty, who proclaimed what many saw as the best possible outcome of the war, and one that would justify the horrible events by cleansing the earth and opening up a peaceful utopia. Europe went wild when he arrived in Paris, for Wilson had made himself the most trusted man in the world. | Wilson did not invent new terms; he pulled together the best of existing war aims, including many that had been expressed by the British and a few that originated with the Germans and the Bolsheviks, and then added a few of his own. His timing was brilliant; it was the combination that was so powerful: here was an authoritative voice, unburdened by any treaty, who proclaimed what many saw as the best possible outcome of the war, and one that would justify the horrible events by cleansing the earth and opening up a peaceful utopia. Europe went wild when he arrived in Paris, for Wilson had made himself the most trusted man in the world. | ||
The promise of national self determination aroused audiences in Ireland, Eastern and Central Europe, Asia and the Middle East, and remains a powerful idea in the 21st century. | |||
The points are: | The points are: | ||
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The speech was widely hailed by public opinion in the U.S. and Europe, and drove a wedge between the German leaders and the German people, who welcomed Wilson's formula. The French government, however, wanted high reparations from Germany to pay for the past and future costs of the war to France. Britain, as the great naval power, did not want freedom of the seas. Wilson compromised with [[Clemenceau]], [[Lloyd George]], and many other European leaders during the Paris Peace talks to ensure that most of the point, and especially the fourteenth point, the League of Nations, would be established. | The speech was widely hailed by public opinion in the U.S. and Europe, and drove a wedge between the German leaders and the German people, who welcomed Wilson's formula. The French government, however, wanted high reparations from Germany to pay for the past and future costs of the war to France. Britain, as the great naval power, did not want freedom of the seas. Wilson compromised with [[Clemenceau]], [[Lloyd George]], and many other European leaders during the Paris Peace talks to ensure that most of the point, and especially the fourteenth point, the League of Nations, would be established. | ||
==See also== | |||
* [[Wilsonianism]] | |||
* [[Woodrow Wilson]] | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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==Bibliography== | ==Bibliography== | ||
* Bailey | * Ambrosius, Lloyd E. ''Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations'' (2002) [http://www.amazon.com/Wilsonianism-Woodrow-American-Foreign-Relations/dp/1403960097/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198484656&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search] | ||
* Bailey, Thomas A. ''Wilson and the Peacemakers: Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal'' (1947) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/wilson-and-the-peacemakers-combining-woodrow-wilson-and-the-lost-peace-and-woodrow-wilson-and-the-great-betrayal-by-thomas-a-bailey.jsp online edition] | |||
* Clements, Kendrick, A. ''Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman'' (1999) | * Clements, Kendrick, A. ''Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman'' (1999) | ||
* Clements, Kendrick A. "Woodrow Wilson and World War I," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 34:1 (2004). pp 62+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5006516101 online edition] | * Clements, Kendrick A. "Woodrow Wilson and World War I," ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 34:1 (2004). pp 62+. [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5006516101 online edition] | ||
* Knock, Thomas J. ''To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order'' (1995) | * Knock, Thomas J. ''To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order'' (1995) [http://www.amazon.com/End-All-Wars-Woodrow-Wilson/dp/0691001502/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198485560&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search] | ||
* Link, Arthur S. ''Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies'' (1957) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9422144 online edition] | * Link, Arthur S. ''Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies'' (1957) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9422144 online edition] | ||
* Link, Arthur S. ''Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, 1913-1921'' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104472422 online edition] | * Link, Arthur S. ''Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, 1913-1921'' (1982) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104472422 online edition] | ||
* Link, Arthur S. ''Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War, and Peace'' (1979) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=111418063 online edition] | * Link, Arthur S. ''Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War, and Peace'' (1979) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=111418063 online edition] | ||
* Manela, Erez. ''The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism'' (2007) [http://www.amazon.com/Wilsonian-Moment-Self-Determination-International-Anticolonial/dp/0195176154/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198484887&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search] | |||
* Steigerwald, David. ''Wilsonian Idealism in America'' (1994) [http://www.amazon.com/Wilsonian-Idealism-America-David-Steigerwald/dp/0801429366/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198484887&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search] | |||
*Walworth, Arthur. ''Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919'' (1986)[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104399613 online edition] | *Walworth, Arthur. ''Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919'' (1986)[http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104399613 online edition] | ||
====notes==== | |||
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Latest revision as of 07:01, 18 August 2024
The Fourteen Points was a major policy position by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, released in a speech to Congress on January 8, 1918. The message was an expression of Wilsonian idealism in foreign policy, that is, of "Wilsonianism." The goal was to identify the main underlying causes of war in the entire world, and to eliminate or minimize them. The first five points were broad in scope: open diplomacy; freedom of the seas; the beating down of economic barriers; the reduction of armament; and the adjustment of colonial claims on a fair basis. There followed Wilson's formulas for applying justice to specific countries or areas. The 14th point was a declaration in favor of an Association of Nations (or League of Nations to resolve unexpected conflicts and thus guarantee world peace. In three followup addresses, Wilson set forth elaborations, clarifications and new point, bringing the total proposals to twenty-three.[1]
Wilson sought a just and lasting peace; no bartering of ethnic groups; the satisfaction of legitimate national aspirations; honorable international dealing; the destruction of arbitrary militarism; and territorial adjustments in the interests of the peoples concerned, or "self determination." He was vague on the rights of minority groups in areas where self determination would be controlled by ethnic majorities.
Wilson was most of all committed to a League of Nations, a peace agency that would be able to use force to preserve territorial integrity and political independence among large and small nations alike. The speech was highly idealistic, translating Wilson's progressive ideals of democracy, self-determination, open agreements, and free trade into the international realm. Much of the speech was drafted by aide Walter Lippmann. It made several suggestions for specific disputes in Europe on the recommendation of Wilson's foreign policy advisor, Colonel House, and his team of 150 advisors known as “The Inquiry.” Politically, he made a serious blunder by not seeking advice from Republican leaders in his policy formulation; some of them, such as William Howard Taft, had very similar goals in mind and could have forestalled the partisanship that caused Wilson trouble in 1919 and led to American refusal to join the league,
Wilson did not invent new terms; he pulled together the best of existing war aims, including many that had been expressed by the British and a few that originated with the Germans and the Bolsheviks, and then added a few of his own. His timing was brilliant; it was the combination that was so powerful: here was an authoritative voice, unburdened by any treaty, who proclaimed what many saw as the best possible outcome of the war, and one that would justify the horrible events by cleansing the earth and opening up a peaceful utopia. Europe went wild when he arrived in Paris, for Wilson had made himself the most trusted man in the world.
The promise of national self determination aroused audiences in Ireland, Eastern and Central Europe, Asia and the Middle East, and remains a powerful idea in the 21st century.
The points are:
I. Abolition of secret treaties
II. Freedom of the seas
III. Free Trade
IV. Disarmament
V. Adjustment of colonial claims (decolonization and national self-determination)
VI. Russia to be assured independent development and international withdrawal from occupied Russian territory
VII. Restoration of Belgium to antebellum national status
VIII. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France from Germany
IX. Italian borders redrawn on lines of nationality
X. Autonomous development of Austria-Hungary as a nation, as the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved
XI. Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, and other Balkan states to be granted integrity, have their territories deoccupied, and Serbia to be given access to the Adriatic Sea
XII. Sovereignty for the Turkish people of the Ottoman Empire as the Empire dissolved, autonomous development for other nationalities within the former Empire
XIII. Establishment of an independent Poland with access to the sea
XIV. General association of the nations – a multilateral international association of nations to enforce the peace (League of Nations)
The speech was widely hailed by public opinion in the U.S. and Europe, and drove a wedge between the German leaders and the German people, who welcomed Wilson's formula. The French government, however, wanted high reparations from Germany to pay for the past and future costs of the war to France. Britain, as the great naval power, did not want freedom of the seas. Wilson compromised with Clemenceau, Lloyd George, and many other European leaders during the Paris Peace talks to ensure that most of the point, and especially the fourteenth point, the League of Nations, would be established.
See also
External links
- Wilson, Woodrow. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points (1918).
- The 14 points
Bibliography
- Ambrosius, Lloyd E. Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations (2002) excerpt and text search
- Bailey, Thomas A. Wilson and the Peacemakers: Combining Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace and Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal (1947) online edition
- Clements, Kendrick, A. Woodrow Wilson: World Statesman (1999)
- Clements, Kendrick A. "Woodrow Wilson and World War I," Presidential Studies Quarterly 34:1 (2004). pp 62+. online edition
- Knock, Thomas J. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order (1995) excerpt and text search
- Link, Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist: A Look at His Major Foreign Policies (1957) online edition
- Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, 1913-1921 (1982) online edition
- Link, Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War, and Peace (1979) online edition
- Manela, Erez. The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (2007) excerpt and text search
- Steigerwald, David. Wilsonian Idealism in America (1994) excerpt and text search
- Walworth, Arthur. Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919 (1986)online edition
notes
- ↑ Bailey (1947) pp 23ff