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The '''Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine''' is one of the five original [[Nobel Prize]]s founded by [[Alfred Nobel]]'s will in 1901. It is awarded annually.
#REDIRECT [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
 
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
|colspan=4 |<center>'''Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine'''
|- bgcolor="#cccccc"
!Year
!Name
!Nation<ref>As given by the Nobel Foundation at the time of the award, which is not necessarily the same as the location of research or birthplace.</ref>
!Prize awarded for:
|-
|[[1901]]
|[[Emil von Behring]]
|[[Germany]]
|work on serum therapy to treat [[diphtheria]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1902]]
|[[Ronald Ross]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|research on [[malaria]]
|-
|[[1903]]
|[[Niels Ryberg Finsen]]
|[[Denmark]]
|use of light radiation in the treatment of disease, particularly [[lupus vulgaris]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1904]]
|[[Ivan Petrovich Pavlov]]
|[[Russia]]
|work on the physiology of [[digestion]]
|-
|[[1905]]
|[[Robert Koch]]
|[[Germany]]
|research on [[tuberculosis]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1906]]
|[[Camillo Golgi]]
|[[Italy]]
|rowspan=2 |work on the structure of the [[nervous system]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]]
|[[Spain]]
|-
|[[1907]]
|[[Alphonse Laveran]]
|[[France]]
|research into [[protozoa]]l diseases
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1908]]
|[[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]]
|[[Russia]]
|rowspan=2 |research on [[immunity]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Paul Ehrlich]]
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[[1909]]
|[[Theodor Kocher]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|work on the [[thyroid gland]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1910]]
|[[Albrecht Kossel]]
|[[Germany]]
|research in [[biochemistry]]
|-
|[[1911]]
|[[Allvar Gullstrand]]
|[[Sweden]]
|research on the [[optics]] of the [[eye]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1912]]
|[[Alexis Carrel]]
|[[France]]
|work on vascular [[suture]] and [[transplantation]] of [[blood vessel]]s
|-
|[[1913]]
|[[Charles Richet]]
|[[France]]
|research into [[anaphylaxis]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1914]]
|[[Robert Bárány]]
|[[Austria]]
|research on the [[vestibular apparatus]] of the inner [[ear]]
|-
|[[1915]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1916]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|[[1917]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1918]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|[[1919]]
|[[Jules Bordet]]
|[[Belgium]]
|discoveries relating to [[immunity]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1920]]
|[[August Krogh]]
|[[Denmark]]
|discovery of the [[capillary]] motor regulating mechanism
|-
|[[1921]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1922]]
|[[Archibald Vivian Hill]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|research on heat production in [[muscle]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Otto Fritz Meyerhof]]
|[[Germany]]
|discovery of the relationship between [[oxygen]] consumption and [[lactic acid]] metabolism in muscle
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1923]]
|[[Frederick G. Banting]]<ref>Banting shared his part of the prize with his co-worker [[Charles Best]]</ref>
|[[Canada]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of [[insulin]]
|-
|[[John James Richard Macleod|John Macleod]]
|[[Canada]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1924]]
|[[Willem Einthoven]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|discovery of the mechanism of the [[electrocardiogram]]
|-
|[[1925]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1926]]
|[[Johannes Fibiger]]
|[[Denmark]]
|discovery of ''[[Gongylonema neoplasticum]]'', an [[helminth]]ic [[parasite]] that induces [[gastric cancer]]
|-
|[[1927]]
|[[Julius Wagner-Jauregg]]
|[[Austria]]
|the use of [[malaria]] inoculation in the treatment of [[general paralysis]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1928]]
|[[Charles Nicolle]]
|[[France]]
|work on [[typhus]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1929]]
|[[Christiaan Eijkman]]
|[[Netherlands]]
|discovery of antineuritic vitamin
|-
|Sir [[Frederick Hopkins]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|discovery of growth-stimulating [[vitamin]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1930]]
|[[Karl Landsteiner]]
|[[Austria]]
|discovery of human [[blood group]]s
|-
|[[1931]]
|[[Otto Warburg]]
|[[Germany]]
|discovery of the nature and mode of action of [[respiratory enzyme]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1932]]
|Sir [[Charles Sherrington]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=2 |work on the functions of [[neuron]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Edgar Adrian]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|[[1933]]
|[[Thomas H. Morgan]]
|[[United States]]
|discovering the role of [[chromosome]]s in [[heredity]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1934]]
|[[George H. Whipple]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |work on [[liver]] therapy for [[anemia]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[George R. Minot]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[William P. Murphy]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[1935]]
|[[Hans Spemann]]
|[[Germany]]
|discovery of the organizing center in [[embryo]]nic development
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1936]]
|Sir [[Henry Dale]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=2 |work on the chemical transmission of [[nerve]] impulses
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Otto Loewi]]
|[[Austria]]
|-
|[[1937]]
|[[Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt]]
|[[Hungary]]
|work on the [[biochemistry]] of [[cell respiration]], with special reference to [[vitamin C]] and [[fumaric acid]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1938]]
|[[Corneille Heymans]]
|[[Belgium]]
|discovery of the roles of the [[sinus]] and [[aorta]] in the regulation of [[respiration]]
|-
|[[1939]]
|[[Gerhard Domagk]]
|[[Germany]]
|discovery of the antibacterial effects of the [[sulphonamide]], [[Prontosil]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1940]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|[[1941]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1942]]
|colspan=3 |No award
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1943]]
|[[Henrik Dam]]
|[[Denmark]]
|discovery of [[vitamin K]]
|-
|[[Edward A. Doisy]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1944]]
|[[Joseph Erlanger]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |work on the different types and functions of single nerve fibres
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Herbert S. Gasser]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1945]]
|Sir [[Alexander Fleming]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=3 |discovery of [[penicillin]] and its properties in the cure of [[infectious disease]]s
|-
|[[Ernst B. Chain]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|Sir [[Howard Florey]]
|[[Australia]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1946]]
|[[Hermann J. Muller]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery that [[mutation]]s can be induced by [[x-ray]]s
|-
|rowspan = 3|[[1947]]
|[[Carl Cori]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of how [[glycogen]] is converted to [[glucose]]
|-
|[[Gerty Cori]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[Bernardo Houssay]]
|[[Argentina]]
|discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior [[pituitary]] lobe in the metabolism of sugar
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1948]]
|[[Paul Müller]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|discovery of the [[insecticide]] action of [[DDT]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1949]]
|[[Walter Hess]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|mapping the various functions of the [[midbrain]]
|-
|[[Egas Moniz]]
|[[Portugal]]
|discovery of the therapeutic effect of prefrontal [[lobotomy]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1950]]
|[[Edward C. Kendall]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |discoveries relating to the [[hormone]]s of the [[adrenal cortex]], their structure and biological effects
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Tadeus Reichstein]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Philip S. Hench]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[1951]]
|[[Max Theiler]]
|[[South Africa]]
|developing a [[vaccine]] against [[yellow fever]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[1952]]
|[[Selman A. Waksman]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of [[streptomycin]], the first [[antibiotic]] effective against [[tuberculosis]]
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1953]]
|[[Hans Krebs]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|discovery of the [[citric acid cycle]]
|-
|[[Fritz Lipmann]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery and research on [[coenzyme A]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1954]]
|[[John F. Enders]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |cultivation of [[poliomyelitis]] [[virus]]es in [[tissue culture]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Thomas H. Weller]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Frederick C. Robbins]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[1955]]
|[[Hugo Theorell]]
|[[Sweden]]
|discoveries on the nature and mode of action of [[oxidation]] enzymes
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1956]]
|[[André F. Cournand]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |development of [[heart]] [[catheter]]ization and discoveries in cardiovascular pathologies
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Werner Forssmann]]
|[[Germany]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Dickinson W. Richards]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[1957]]
|[[Daniel Bovet]]
|[[Italy]]
|discoveries relating to synthetic drugs, including [[antihistamine]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1958]]
|[[George Beadle]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery that [[gene]]s act by regulating definite chemical events
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Edward Tatum]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Joshua Lederberg]]
|[[United States]]
|discoveries relating to genetic recombination and the organisation of genetic material in bacteria
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1959]]
|[[Severo Ochoa]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of the [[nucleic acid]]s [[RNA]] and [[DNA]]
|-
|[[Arthur Kornberg]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1960]]
|Sir [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]]
|[[Australia]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of acquired immunological tolerance
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Peter Medawar]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|[[1961]]
|[[Georg von Békésy]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of the physical mechanism of stimulation in the [[cochlea]] of the [[ear]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1962]]
|[[Francis Crick]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=3 |discovery of the molecular structure of [[deoxyribonucleic acid]] and its significance for information transfer in living material
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[James Dewey Watson|James Watson]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Maurice Wilkins]]
|[[United Kingdom]] / [[New Zealand]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1963]]
|Sir [[John Eccles]]
|[[Australia]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the [[ion]]ic mechanism of nerve transmission
|-
|[[Alan L. Hodgkin]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|[[Andrew F. Huxley]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1964]]
|[[Konrad Bloch]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |research on [[cholesterol]] and [[fatty acid]] [[metabolism]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Feodor Lynen]]
|[[Germany]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1965]]
|[[François Jacob]]
|[[France]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis
|-
|[[André Lwoff]]
|[[France]]
|-
|[[Jacques Monod]]
|[[France]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2|[[1966]]
|[[Peyton Rous]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of [[virus]]es that induce [[tumour]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Charles B. Huggins]]
|[[United States]]
|discoveries relating to the hormonal treatment of [[prostate cancer]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1967]]
|[[Ragnar Granit]]
|[[Sweden]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the physiological and chemical mechanism of vision in the [[eye]]
|-
|[[Haldan K. Hartline]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[George Wald]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1968]]
|[[Robert W. Holley]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |interpretation of the [[genetic code]] and its function [[protein synthesis]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[H. Gobind Khorana]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Marshall W. Nirenberg]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1969]]
|[[Max Delbrück]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the replication mechanism and genetic structure of [[virus]]es"
|-
|[[Alfred D. Hershey]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[Salvador E. Luria]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1970]]
|Sir [[Bernard Katz]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=3 |work on [[neurotransmitter]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Ulf von Euler]]
|[[Sweden]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Julius Axelrod]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[1971]]
|[[Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.]]
|[[United States]]
|research into the mechanisms of action of [[hormone]]s, especially [[epinephrine]] via [[cyclic AMP]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1972]]
|[[Gerald M. Edelman]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discoveries in the chemical structure of [[antibody|antibodies]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Rodney R. Porter]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1973]]
|[[Karl von Frisch]]
|[[Germany]]
|rowspan=3 |discoveries in the organisation and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns
|-
|[[Konrad Lorenz]]
|[[Austria]]
|-
|[[Nikolaas Tinbergen]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1974]]
|[[Albert Claude]]
|[[Belgium]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the structure and functional organisation of the cell
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Christian de Duve]]
|[[Belgium]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[George E. Palade]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1975]]
|[[David Baltimore]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the interaction between [[tumour virus]]es and the genetic material of the cell
|-
|[[Renato Dulbecco]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[Howard M. Temin]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1976]]
|[[Baruch S. Blumberg]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |research into new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious disease
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[D. Carleton Gajdusek]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1977]]
|[[Roger Guillemin]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |work on [[peptide hormone]]s produced in the [[brain]]"
|-
|[[Andrew V. Schally]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[Rosalyn Yalow]]
|[[United States]]
|development of radioimmunoassays for peptide hormones
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1978]]
|[[Werner Arber]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|rowspan=3 |discovery of [[restriction enzyme]]s and their application to molecular biology
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Daniel Nathans]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Hamilton O. Smith]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1979]]
|[[Allan M. Cormack]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |development of [[computer assisted tomography]]
|-
|[[Godfrey N. Hounsfield]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1980]]
|[[Baruj Benacerraf]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunlogical reactions
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Jean Dausset]]
|[[France]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[George D. Snell]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=3|[[1981]]
|[[Roger W. Sperry]]
|[[United States]]
|research on the functional specialisation of the [[cerebral hemisphere]]s
|-
|[[David H. Hubel]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |work on information processing in the visual system
|-
|[[Torsten N. Wiesel]]
|[[Sweden]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1982]]
|[[Sune K. Bergström]]
|[[Sweden]]
|rowspan=3 |discoveries relating to [[prostaglandin]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Bengt I. Samuelsson]]
|[[Sweden]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[John R. Vane]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|[[1983]]
|[[Barbara McClintock]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of mobile genetic elements
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1984]]
|[[Niels K. Jerne]]
|[[Denmark]]
|rowspan=3 |theories on the development and control of the [[immune system]] and the production of [[monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibodies]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Georges J. F. Köhler]]
|[[Germany]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[César Milstein]]
|[[Argentina]] / [[United Kingdom]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1985]]
|[[Michael S. Brown]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |research on the regulation of [[cholesterol]] [[metabolism]]
|-
|[[Joseph L. Goldstein]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1986]]
|[[Stanley Cohen]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of [[growth factor]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Rita Levi-Montalcini]]
|[[Italy]]/[[United States]]
|-
|[[1987]]
|[[Susumu Tonegawa]]
|[[Japan]]
|discovery of the genetic principle of [[antibody]] diversity
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1988]]
|Sir [[James W. Black]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=3 |discoveries of important principles for [[Pharmacology|drug treatment]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Gertrude B. Elion]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[George H. Hitchings]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1989]]
|[[J. Michael Bishop]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of the cellular origin of [[retrovirus|retroviral]] [[oncogene]]s
|-
|[[Harold E. Varmus]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1990]]
|[[Joseph E. Murray]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |work on organ and cell [[transplantation]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[E. Donnall Thomas]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1991]]
|[[Erwin Neher]]
|[[Germany]]
|rowspan=2 |research on single [[ion channel]]s in cells
|-
|[[Bert Sakmann]]
|[[Germany]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1992]]
|[[Edmond H. Fischer]]
|[[Switzerland]]/[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |for discovering how [[phosphorylation]] of [[protein]]s is used to regulate biological processes
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Edwin G. Krebs]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[1993]]
|[[Richard J. Roberts]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery that [[gene]]s in [[eukaryote]]s are not contiguous strings but contain [[intron]]s, and that the splicing of [[messenger RNA]] to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different [[protein]]s from the same DNA sequence
|-
|[[Phillip A. Sharp]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1994]]
|[[Alfred G. Gilman]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of [[G protein]]s and their role in [[signal transduction]] in cells
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Martin Rodbell]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[1995]]
|[[Edward B. Lewis]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the genetic control of early embryonic development
|-
|[[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]]
|[[Germany]]
|-
|[[Eric F. Wieschaus]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[1996]]
|[[Peter C. Doherty]]
|[[Australia]]
|rowspan=2 |research into the specificity of the cell-mediated immune defence
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Rolf M. Zinkernagel]]
|[[Switzerland]]
|-
|[[1997]]
|[[Stanley B. Prusiner]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery of [[prion]]s
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[1998]]
|[[Robert F. Furchgott]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |elucidating [[nitric oxide]]'s role as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Louis J. Ignarro]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Ferid Murad]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|[[1999]]
|[[Günter Blobel]]
|[[United States]]
|discovery that [[protein]]s have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[2000]]
|[[Arvid Carlsson]]
|[[Sweden]]
|rowspan=3 |discoveries relating to [[signal transduction]] in the [[nervous system]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Paul Greengard]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Eric R. Kandel]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=3 |[[2001]]
|[[Leland H. Hartwell]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=3 |discovery of [[cyclin]] and [[cyclin dependent kinase]], central molecules in the regulation of the [[cell cycle]]
|-
|[[R. Timothy Hunt]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|Sir [[Paul M. Nurse]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=3 |[[2002]]
|[[Sydney Brenner]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|rowspan=3 |research into the genetic regulation of organ development and [[programmed cell death]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[H. Robert Horvitz]]
|[[United States]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[John E. Sulston]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[2003]]
|[[Paul C. Lauterbur]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discoveries concerning [[magnetic resonance imaging]]
|-
|Sir [[Peter Mansfield]]
|[[United Kingdom]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[2004]]
|[[Richard Axel]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of [[odorant receptor]]s and the organization of the [[olfactory system]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Linda B. Buck]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|rowspan=2 |[[2005]]
|[[Barry J. Marshall]]
|[[Australia]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of the bacterium ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' and its role in [[gastritis]] and [[peptic ulcer disease]]
|-
|[[J. Robin Warren]]
|[[Australia]]
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|rowspan=2 |[[2006]]
|[[Andrew Z. Fire]]
|[[United States]]
|rowspan=2 |discovery of [[RNA interference]] - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
|[[Craig C. Mello]]
|[[United States]]
|-
|}
 
==Notes==
<references />
 
==Source==
*[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ The Nobel Foundation]

Latest revision as of 09:06, 27 July 2023

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