Talk:Natural selection

Plan for Article

This article bears an important relationship to many other articles of the Citizendium pilot. It is probably best updated so that a user can reference it appropriately both from genetic articles at a higher academic level, and hobbyist articles on breeds of animals and varieties of plants on a practical level. Nancy Sculerati MD 08:06, 5 January 2007 (CST)

Natural selection: biology

This article is about natural selection as a biological theory. The wikipedia article, which was very long, also included information theory and social darwinism, as well as evolution. As almost none of what was written about these topics was easily comprehensible, I deleted them. Nancy Sculerati MD 17:02, 5 January 2007 (CST)

The feeling among many of the WP editors as been that this is the best of the evolution articles, relatively little affected by the continual struggle against intelligent design and unintelligent vandalism. How much further do we drill down until we get to the actual scientific articles? There are many accessible and books about the genetics of individual pet and agricultural animals. I suggest the place for them will be the articles about the individual animals.

The discussion of the social & philosophical aspects is a summary, and fuller accounts appear several places in WP, and I will try to find them and combine them into a single article, but there should still be a sentence here leading to it. I am not certain about the title.

The physical aspects, interwoven as they are with Behe's argument based on the second law of thermodynamics, also needs treatment. I think its done fuller elsewhere, and again it should be tracked down. and again I'm not sure about a good title. Again, it should be referred to here. The existing paragraph may have suffered from over-condensation. It may be better to put these in after the article itself has been written.

The material about history is still included, and I have added the missing subheadings. Probably this too will eventually be a separate articles, but I do not know if we need separate articles on the history of nat.sel., and the history of evolutionary thought.

I changed the general books to come first, and I do not like called the more advanced ones "technical" To me, 'technical" in a biological setting implies either technique, or the applications, such as agriculture, medicine, and biomedical engineering. That doesn't mean I like "more advanced"--think of it as a place holder. DavidGoodman 18:19, 5 January 2007 (CST)

I just looked, and the WP article is experiencing further work from some good people. I am collating it tonight to incorporate improvements in ours , and then it will need checking every month or so. We should use good work where we find it. DavidGoodman 18:22, 5 January 2007 (CST)

added from edit

The feeling among many of the WP editors as been that this is the best of the evolution articles, relatively little affected by the continual struggle against intelligent design and unintelligent vandalism. How much further do we drill down until we get to the actual scientific articles? There are many accessible and books about the genetics of individual pet and agricultural animals. I suggest the place for them will be the articles about the individual animals.

The discussion of the social & philosophical aspects is a summary, and fuller accounts appear several places in WP, and I will try to find them and combine them into a single article, but there should still be a sentence here leading to it. I am not certain about the title.

The physical aspects, interwoven as they are with Behe's argument based on the second law of thermodynamics, also needs treatment. I think its done fuller elsewhere, and again it should be tracked down. and again I'm not sure about a good title. Again, it should be referred to here. The existing paragraph may have suffered from over-condensation. It may be better to put these in after the article itself has been written.

The material about history is still included, and I have added the missing subheadings. Probably this too will eventually be a separate articles, but I do not know if we need separate articles on the history of nat.sel., and the history of evolutionary thought.

I changed the general books to come first, and I do not like called the more advanced ones "technical" To me, 'technical" in a biological setting implies either technique, or the applications, such as agriculture, medicine, and biomedical engineering. That doesn't mean I like "more advanced"--think of it as a place holder. DavidGoodman 18:19, 5 January 2007 (CST)

I just looked, and the WP article is experiencing further work from some good people. I am collating it tonight to incorporate improvements in ours , and then it will need checking every month or so. We should use good work where we find it. DavidGoodman 18:22, 5 January 2007 (CST)

Removed during cleanup

The exuberant tail of the peacock is thought to be the result of sexual selection by females. This peacock is an albino - it carries a mutation that makes it unable to produce melanin. Selection against albinos in nature is intense because they are easily spotted by predators or are unsuccessful in competition for mates, and so these mutations are usually rapidly eliminated by natural selection

X-ray of the left hand of a ten year old boy with polydactyly

The modern theory of natural selection derives from the work of Charles Darwin in the 19th century.

Orphaned text

This didn't really fit where it was but I suspect that, with some cleanup, this is useful information. I'm moving it here for correction:

After reading Darwin, Herbert Spencer introduced the term survival of the fittest; this became popular, and Wallace marked up an entire edition of The Origin of Species, replacing every instance of natural selection with Spencer's phrase. Although the phrase is still often used by non-biologists, modern biologists avoid it because it is tautological if fittest is read to mean functionally superior.

Jacob Jensen 22:24, 2 April 2007 (CDT)

Incorrect

Text here was removed by the Constabulary on grounds of civility. (The author may replace this template with an edited version of the original remarks.)

I've changed it. Not a biologist, so I'll leave the rest alone. I changed it because I didn't understand the previous sentence at all. John Stephenson 04:12, 15 July 2007 (CDT)

Why reverted last sentence of the first par

The last two sentences of the first paragraph now read: "Although there are differing definitions of the term natural selection, most biologists agree that this process is completely verifiable as far as micro-evolution, and a number of biologists hold to a more Darwinian approach involving macro-evolution. Put in a general way, natural selection is thought to explain why all life evolves at some fundamental level." Tom (Major--new guy, welcome Tom) changed the latter sentence to read, "Natural selection is thought to explain how all the varieties within the species originated (ex. all the varieties of dogs)." This completely ignores the previous sentence; the last sentence was a gloss on the second-to-last sentence. --Larry Sanger 10:31, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Well, it doesn't disregard it completely, just half of it. The last sentence only covers the micro-evolution view, not the macro. The last sentence was simply mentioning that a number of biologists hold the macro-evolution view of adaptation which eventually develops into brand new features never before seen in the genes, while the natural selection process is not capable of doing that. It only selects from what is available in the genes. Sometimes mutations happen that delete or make more of what is already available, but not brand new, or never-previously-existing, features. :-) --Tom Major 11:00, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Well, my point is simple: the last sentence explained the fact that some biologists "hold to a more Darwinian approach involving macro-evolution." Let me change the punctuation to make this clearer. --Larry Sanger 11:17, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Well, (welcome Tom), I've looked at the first paragraph and frankly it had become pretty incomprehensible over time and wrong in places, so I'm not at all surprised that you thought it was worth a tinker. I've rewritten it. Micro and macro evolution are complex concepts that I don't think belong up front.Gareth Leng 11:26, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Thank you Dr. Sanger for clarifying, I think I understand now :-).

Mr. Leng, yes, that first paragraph was getting a little difficult to understand. I thought it was getting a little too open-ended and unspecific. You mentioned that micro/macro might be too complex of subjects to mention up front. However, I could see it as beneficial to note a difference in micro/macro definitions of natural selection at the beginning, because the paragraph/article was already making the assumption of macro-evolution before I changed anything. Which is more dangerous, not to cover micro/macro up front because of the supposed idea that they are too complex of subjects, or to assume one over the other? No offense to yourself, but to put it bluntly, I would see the automatic assumption of macro as indoctrination. I say, let's mention both definitions.

I like most of the additions and changes since I made mine. Thank you :-). However, I find the following statement troubling. Maybe someone with more expertise can help me out with this.

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"including the origin of all species that have ever existed on earth" (underline added)

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As far as I know, natural selection is not a creative process, at least not the natural selection that is currently observed in the real world. It is rather a selective process. Now, let me define some terms. When I say creative, I am not referring to a mutation that causes mere duplication of existing material, I am referring to the idea that a mutation could come up with new material that did not previously exist. Mutations do not "poof" new things into existence, they rearrange and sometimes delete or multiply information. As an example of what I mean by that...

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Say I go to Papa Johns to get pizza. I am a peculiar creature that happens to find himself in the exotic environment of college life, and needs to adapt to survive. For the example, lets say that the toppings on the Papa Johns pizza are examples of physical traits that are available in the genes of my species. Now I realize from the outset that this is a flawed example, because the animal (myself in the example) would not be choosing the traits/toppings. It is just a process that happens naturally by the death of other creatures that don't have that trait, hence the name. I understand that natural selection does not look ahead at the outcome and I am not trying to say that.

Anyways, when I go in the Papa Johns and I order a "large with one topping", I can add all kinds of things including pepperonis, mushrooms, sausage, etc. But one thing I will never see as a topping is koolaid. Now, I can have as many pepperonis and mushrooms and sausages as I want, or I could even ask for a pizza without cheese, but I can never ask for something Papa Johns doesn't offer. Maybe even by random chance, the pepperonis will be arranged in a circular and somewhat organized fashion, but it does not constitute a new type of topping that they do not offer.

Even if by chance a worker spilled koolaid on my pizza, it would be thrown out. Now one might say that it was a beneficial addition to the pizza because it added flavor. However, such a mutated pizza would be a disadvantage, since because of the definition of kool in koolaid, it would no longer be a hot pizza.

I know some of my fellow students like to eat mutated pizza, but I'm more of a pepperoni and sausage man myself. :-)

In other words, I have to select from what they (Papa Johns) makes available.

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That is true natural selection. The word in the quote above that troubles me is the word origin. That certainly implies that natural selection is a creative process (ordering koolaid on my pizza when it's not on the menu), when that idea is not observable in the real world. Now, it's ok for the page to mention this theory, but so far that theory has not been demonstrated, and we at the Citizendium would be breaking our neutrality guidelines to assume as fact something that is not seen or demonstrated.

Sorry for the length of the response. I hope I was able to clarify my concerns in a intelligent way. I am open to other suggestions. :-) --Tom Major 16:35, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Before we get into anything like a debate, Tom, let me just say two things (other than "Welcome!"). First, you should specify exactly which part of the article that you think needs to be changed. If you don't think the article needs to be changed, or if the point about the article is actually not very important, please continue the discussion on http://forum.citizendium.org/. Second, you're trying much too hard. Ultimately, real biologists are going to make the call, so for their sake :) it's better just to state your argument briefly. --Larry Sanger 16:48, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Thanks for forum suggestion. I will start a new post there eventually (this is my last response in this page), with what we have posted here. As far as the article, I would change the entire tone of the article to simply talk about Darwinian definition of Natural selection, rather than assuming it. The only definition of natural selection that can be talked about with any certainty is the one that involves small changes that do not develop new species, because that is the only one observed. I realize I may be outnumbered here in my opinions (especially those people with degrees), but thought it necessary to voice them. It will not be the end of my little world if Editors decide against this way of thinking :-). --Tom Major 18:52, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Tom, most of the arguments that you bring forward are typical for religious people who doubt the validity of the scientific theory of evolution by means of natural selection. What is clear for me from your essay is that you do not understand how natural selection actually works but rehash claims frequently expressed by creationists and intelligent designers. Your example of Papa Jones Pizza's is exemplary for the misunderstanding of natural selection. Your distinction between micro and macro evolution is one seldom used within biology circles in the way you use it, other than to indicate broad fields of research in which the focus is more on within species versus between species variation, but the mechanism of evolution by means of natural selection are not different. It is however frequently used within creationist/ID circles and focuses on the incorrect claim that mutations are incapable of generating novel variation.

As for the claim related to the origin of all species, that claim is indeed incorrect, as NatSel explains the diversity on earth after life had come into existence. Natural selection is NOT saying anything about that, and if that is presentin the text, it needs to be corrected. Kim van der Linde 16:57, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

As Dr. Sanger recommended above, I will be moving this to the forum eventually (this is my last response in this page). I did have a few quick things to note here though about your response.

1. my arguments are a typical response... Ok, which part was typical? All of it maybe? What if I said your response was typical of evolutionary biologists? How would that change things?
2. "who doubt the validity of the scientific theory of evolution": Is that a sacred cow that is not capable of being doubted?
3. religiosity... Doesn't have any bearing on this discussion, especially since I didn't bring it up?
4. Papa Johns example is a misunderstanding... Great, I'd love to hear how! I'm not just saying that, because I'd genuinely like to improve my knowledge :-). And I know illustrations always fail to completely demonstrate a point, so I'd like to see how you would answer, not the details, but the general message of the pizza example.
5. "my" definition of micro/macro is not used in mainstream biological circles... Which circles? Your circles?
6. "novel variation". I assume by novel you mean what dictionary.com says "of a new kind; different from anything seen or known before: a novel idea". If you could point me to some examples of what you are thinking (that have stood the test of time and research), I'd be much obliged :-).
7. "origin" in article... I'll leave that to you to change it, since we agree on that point.

Please, if you are going to respond, please respond to my points, not your experiences of people like me. I am probably wrong in the semantics of some things (because I don't have the same kind of degrees as you), but I believe that I am right in my general argument. --Tom Major 18:52, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

I'm not getting involved in this debate except for the disputed novel variation part. Any insertion, deletion, transloction or inversion in chromosomes can bring together two different parts of DNA sequences to create a novel protein or gene. It happens all the time. Likewise even point mutations can create novel function. Look up neomorphs for examples. Chris Day (talk) 21:51, 5 September 2007 (CDT)

Tom, I am sorry, but I do not think that CZ is the place for a remedial course in Evolutionary Biology. But see if you get the following example:

A well-known 'example' of natural selection in action is the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. Antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. However, the widespread use and especially misuse of antibiotics has led to increased microbial resistance against antibiotics, to the point that the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ) has been described as a 'superbug' because of the threat it poses to health and its relative invulnerability to existing drugs.

Natural populations of bacteria contain, among their vast numbers of individual members, considerable variation in their genetic material, primarily as the result of mutations. When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria die quickly, but some may have mutations that make them a little less susceptible. If the exposure to antibiotics is short, these individuals will survive the treatment. This selective elimination of 'maladapted' individuals from a population is natural selection in action.

These surviving bacteria will then reproduce again, producing the next generation. Due to the elimination of the maladapted individuals in the past generation, this population contains more bacteria that have some resistance against the antibiotic. At the same time, new mutations occur, contributing new genetic variation to the existing genetic variation. Spontaneous mutations are very rare, very few have any effect at all, and usually any effect is deleterious. However, populations of bacteria are enormous, and so a few individuals will have beneficial mutations. If a new mutation reduces their susceptibility to an antibiotic, these individuals are more likely to survive when next confronted with that antibiotic. Given enough time, and repeated exposure to the antibiotic, a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria will emerge.

Recently, several new strains of MRSA have emerged that are resistant to vancomycin and teicoplanin . This is an example of what is sometimes called an 'arms race', in which natural selection continues to select bacteria that are less susceptible to antibiotics, while medical researchers continue to develop new antibiotics that can kill them. A similar situation occurs with pesticide resistance in plants and insects.

Kim van der Linde 07:40, 6 September 2007 (CDT)

Hi Kim; the sentence in the lead claims that natural selection is claimed to account for the origin of all species that ever existed, not for the origin of life itself. In other words, I am assuming that whatever form the first life took, it was not something that could meaningfully be called a species? But please modify as appropriate.

Tom, without going into too much detail, it seems clear that new genes are generally made by rearrangements, recombinations of previously existing duplicated genes. For example, oxytocin and vasopressin are two very closely related molecules - they differ by just one amino acid. They come from two separate but very similar genes, genes so similar that we think they must have arisen by an inital step of gene duplication. The genes for the receptors for these peptides are linked to the genes for the peptides, and are also very similar to each other, so the receptor genes also arose by gene duplication, probably at the same time. So the initial mutation was a large scale gene duplication - this is initally a neutarl mutation, with no consequences for the organism. When a gene is duplicated, one copy is now redundant, and so is under no immediate selection pressure; accordingly it will accumulate further mutations, some of which may have incidental benefits to the organism unrelated to the function of the original gene. Over time, as natural selection works on these incidental benefits, the two genes diverge in functionality. Now, in mammals, vasopressin controls water loss from the kidneys while oxytocin controls the let down of milk from the mammary gland in lactation. This function of oxytocin is quite clearly wholly new (and specific to mammals), yet it arose from slight mutations of elements that had previously existed for a quite different purpose.

I don't think that Tom's religious views whatever they may be, are a relevant issue. What is relevant is that he has alerted us to what we think are misunderstandings about natural selection. For this, we should be very grateful to Tom, because if this article serves a real purpose, it must be in part to make sure that the message is clear enough that we minimise misunderstandings. We are after all talking not just amongst ourselves, but to all readers, of whatever views.

Gareth Leng 03:41, 6 September 2007 (CDT)

Gareth, I think we have to be careful in deciding what kind of article this should become. It is very easy to get caught into reactive writing resulting in a large rebuttal to creationist claims (much as the evolution article at wikipedia about a year ago). I personally think that we shoudl write an article that is reflecting current scientific thinking on this subject, presented in a form that is understandable to a wide public. Kim van der Linde 07:40, 6 September 2007 (CDT)

Oh I agree (I'm sure you knew I would). On the other hand, explaining things in a way that answers the sort of questions that reasonable people might have is very much what we do want to do surely. As biologists we sometimes take things for granted that are not obvious to non-biologists. We don't have to be on the defensive here; as biologists we are very confident in the explanatory power of the theory, the challenge is indeed to get it across to a wider public in a way that is still scientifically rigorous.Gareth Leng 08:06, 6 September 2007 (CDT)

Glad we agree. Kim van der Linde 09:42, 6 September 2007 (CDT)

For what it's worth, I strongly support this stance. --Larry Sanger 09:44, 6 September 2007 (CDT)

added

I've added a referenced version of the above to the text, comments from anyone? Does this help to make it clearer how biologists think that natural selection can have a creative role?Gareth Leng 07:08, 6 September 2007 (CDT)

suggestions

Thought I would throw out my impressions here first rather than hack away at the text.

1. After my first read, I felt the first paragraph would lead nicely into the third. I'm just not sure the second paragraph adds enough to warrant its placement.

2. In the first paragraph, the phrase "the diversity of species that has ever existed on earth" stuck out for me. Not sure what was originally intended, but I suspect that it needs to be reworded a bit.

3. I think that the section "The creative power of natural selection" is essential for this type of article. I hope it sticks around for the final draft.

(Michael Nishizaki 03:15, 17 November 2007 (CST))

Coming back after a long gap

Couple of obvious things I think; natural selection is not a theory, it is a process. Evolution by natural selection is the theory (though not of course a controversial one among scientists). I think we need to register clearly the level of this article at the outset. We need an accessible article, we also may need a much more technical version. Can we try to go for reader friendly as far as possible? I think conspecifics in the lead will scare a lot off, but we need somewhere a technically rigorous account.Gareth Leng 11:13, 26 July 2008 (CDT)

Re Tom Morris's additions to impact of idea of natural selection

Tom, your recent (05:52, 18 November 2010) contribution re the impact of the idea of evolution by means of natural selection, outstanding, most informative, very interesting. I found myself wanting to learn more of the particulars of the various 'impacts' you describe, and therefore missed not having references to the sources, for follow up. You give us little on where to go to read up in those fascinating developments of Darwin and Wallace's dangerous idea. —Anthony.Sebastian 17:40, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Thanks, Anthony! On eugenics and social Darwinism, they should probably be separate pages, along with perhaps a page on evolution and race. The philosophical stuff is a bit of a mess: basically, I added the paragraph about Plantinga and proper function arguments without much referencing because it is all a bit of a muddle in my head (I'm hoping the intersection between naturalistic accounts of proper function and other elements of Plantinga's philosophy, along with the problems raised by a variety of things discovered in recent cognitive science including neuroplasticity may form part of my Ph.D research). I'm not a historian, so I'm rather relying on Peter Bowker's book for the historical material. As for the philosophical material, I'll try to add more and add references and wikilinks as we go forward.

I sort of just braindumped it all in: not all of it is directly relevant to natural selection, and bits will have to be split off into separate articles and the like.

This is an area where I did look at Wikipedia, and we could do substantially better. On a lot of the topics on eugenics/social Darwinism/evolution and racism, much too much play is made of Richard Weikart's "From Darwin to Hitler" book, when there has been substantial quantities of good historical research on the social Darwinists and others. –Tom Morris 18:37, 18 November 2010 (UTC)

Sounds good to me, all. It will make a valuable addition to 'darwinism'/'natural selection'/'survival of the fittest'. I'll try soon to re-read Bowker. —Anthony.Sebastian 02:10, 19 November 2010 (UTC)

Need for structure and clarity

Dear writers

Please, I ask you to add structure to this text. Really, in my opinion it is the job of a scientist to make things understandable, yet complex and subtle and detailed . I have added a general theory with structure which is an attempt to make some structure. After the general theory i would add some examples, instead of giving first examples. I will add first a simple example and then a more complex Darwin finch example.

I hope to have some discussions about these matters.

--Joris Rombouts 13:39, 19 April 2011 (UTC) - Bachelor in biochemistry - --Joris Rombouts 13:39, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

Patrick Matthew

In the historical sketch added in later editions of The Origin, Darwin acknowleges that Matthew had published the same theory of the origin of species as he and Wallace back in 1831. Was he being over-generous? Peter Jackson 10:55, 14 December 2011 (UTC)