American Civil War/Timelines: Difference between revisions
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{{timeline | {{timeline | ||
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*Slave population in Census: 1,538,000 | *Slave population in Census: 1,538,000 | ||
*[[Missouri Compromise]] admits Maine as a free state, and Missouri as slave state, but restricts anymore slavery north of 36° 30' line. Abrogated by [[Kansas | *[[Missouri Compromise]] admits Maine as a free state, and Missouri as slave state, but restricts anymore slavery north of 36° 30' line. Abrogated by [[Kansas Nebraska Act]] of 1854. | ||
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|event='''1850''': [[Compromise of 1850]] enacted; [[California]] admitted as free state; [[Texas]] gets paid for lands; [[New Mexico Territory]] formed, allowing slavery; no slave trade allowed in District of Columbia; stiffer fugitive slave law. Proposed by [[Henry Clay]] and brokered by [[Stephen A. Douglas]], it reflects solution to slavery of Northern Democrats. Southerners take wait-and-see approach; they are angered by Northern refusal to obey [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]]. | |event='''1850''': [[Compromise of 1850]] enacted; [[California (U.S. state)]] admitted as free state; [[Texas (U.S. state)|Texas]] gets paid for lands; [[New Mexico Territory]] formed, allowing slavery; no slave trade allowed in District of Columbia; stiffer fugitive slave law. Proposed by [[Henry Clay]] and brokered by [[Stephen A. Douglas]], it reflects solution to slavery of Northern Democrats. Southerners take wait-and-see approach; they are angered by Northern refusal to obey [[Fugitive Slave Law of 1850]]. | ||
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|event='''1854''': | |event='''1854''': | ||
*Democrat [[Stephen A. Douglas]] proposes the [[Kansas | *Democrat [[Stephen A. Douglas]] proposes the [[Kansas Nebraska Act|Kansas-Nebraska Bill]] to open good farmland to settlement (and help railroads). | ||
*The [[Kansas | *The [[Kansas Nebraska Act]] is passed, providing that [[popular sovereignty]] in the territories should decide "all questions pertaining to slavery." It effectively repeals the [[Missouri Compromise]]. | ||
*In uproar against Kansas-Nebraska Act, new [[ | *In uproar against Kansas-Nebraska Act, new [[Republican Party (United States), history |Republican party]] is formed with anti-slavery base across North. Includes many former Whigs and Free Soilers, and some Democrats. Sweeps fall elections in northern states. [[Abraham Lincoln]] emerges as Republican leader in West | ||
*Know-Nothing party sweeps state and local elections in parts of North; demands ethnic purification, opposes Catholics (because of Pope), opposes corruption in local politics. The party has no real leaders and soon fades away. | *Know-Nothing party sweeps state and local elections in parts of North; demands ethnic purification, opposes Catholics (because of Pope), opposes corruption in local politics. The party has no real leaders and soon fades away. | ||
*The [[Ostend Manifesto]] proposing to annex Cuba is denounced by the free-soil press as a conspiracy to extend slavery. | *The [[Ostend Manifesto]] proposing to annex Cuba is denounced by the free-soil press as a conspiracy to extend slavery. | ||
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*[[Walker Tariff]] of 1846 is lowered still more and is supported by both North and South; it reduces protection to northern industry. | *[[Walker Tariff]] of 1846 is lowered still more and is supported by both North and South; it reduces protection to northern industry. | ||
*Southern opposition kills the Pacific Railway Bill of 1860 and homestead laws. | *Southern opposition kills the Pacific Railway Bill of 1860 and homestead laws. | ||
*Douglas breaks with President Buchanan over Kansas because Buchanan supported the undemocratic Southern position; bitter feud inside [[ | *Douglas breaks with President Buchanan over Kansas because Buchanan supported the undemocratic Southern position; bitter feud inside [[Democratic Party (United States), history|Democratic party]]. | ||
:'''1857''': | :'''1857''': | ||
*[[George Fitzhugh]] publishes ''Cannibals All'' defending slavery. | *[[George Fitzhugh]] publishes ''Cannibals All'' defending slavery. | ||
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*Four candidates as parties wage campaigns. Douglas and Lincoln compete for Northern votes. Bell, Douglas and Breckinridge compete for Southern votes. | *Four candidates as parties wage campaigns. Douglas and Lincoln compete for Northern votes. Bell, Douglas and Breckinridge compete for Southern votes. | ||
*Abraham Lincoln wins the 1860 election. | *Abraham Lincoln wins the 1860 election. | ||
*'''Secession''': [[South Carolina]] convention declared on [[December 20]] "that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the 'United States of America' is hereby dissolved" | *'''Secession''': [[South Carolina (U.S. state)|South Carolina]] convention declared on [[December 20]] "that the Union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states under the name of the 'United States of America' is hereby dissolved" | ||
*Process of secession begins. | *Process of secession begins. | ||
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Latest revision as of 09:27, 11 September 2023
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The timeline of causes of the American Civil War stretched back 75 years. Whether the sequence of causes made the war inevitable is still debated by historians.
1787: Northwest Ordinance bans slavery in the Northwest Territory; makes Ohio River the boundary between free and slave territory between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River. Mason and Dixon line remains the dividing line in east.
1790: Slave population in Federal Census: 698,000
1798: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions are written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, and are passed by the two states in opposition to the Federal Alien and Sedition Acts.
1799: New York state enacts gradual abolition of slavery
1801: Gabriel Plot frightens whites in Virginia who believe there was plot for slave uprising
1804: New Jersey enacts gradual abolition of slavery, the final northern state to do so
1808: Congress outlaws the international slave trade. U.S. Navy and British Royal Navy enforce the prohibition. Some 250,000 slaves were smuggled in anyway before 1860. Some smugglers are caught and executed.
1816: American Colonization Society formed to send freed slaves to Liberia. About 12,000 are sent. Society led by James Monroe, Henry Clay and other prominent slaveowners
1820:
1822: Denmark Vesey frightens whites in South Carolina, who believe there was plot for slave uprising
1828: John C. Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest propounds nullification doctrine saying a state can nullify a federal law. Calhoun threatens secession over tariffs that aid new industries in North. In 1840, Calhoun states that "It is our duty to force the issue [of slavery] on the North. Had the South, or even my own State, backed me, I would have forced the issue on the North in 1835." [1] Calhoun also objected to the use of taxes and tariffs collected in one state being used for internal improvements to another state. [[2]]
1829: Black abolitionist David Walker issues Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World calling on slaves to revolt; none revolt.
1830: Daniel Webster delivers a memorable Reply to Hayne on January 27, denouncing the notion that Americans must choose between liberty and union. "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" he cries.
1831:
1832: President Andrew Jackson threatens force to end threats of secession in South Carolina caused by the Nullification Crisis.
1833:
1834: Anti-Slavery "debates" are held at Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati, Ohio.
1836: In response to the petition campaigns of the American Anti-Slavery Society, the U.S. House of Representatives adopts a gag rule, by which all antislavery petitions presented to the House would be immediately tabled, without discussion. John Quincy Adams leads an eight year battle against the gag rule, arguing that slavery, or the Slave Power, as a political interest, threatens constitutional rights.
1837: Mob of Irish and southern men kills abolitionist and anti-Catholic editor Elijah P. Lovejoy in Alton, Illinois;
1839: Slaves revolt on the Amistad; trial in federal court leads to release of rebels, who are returned to Africa.
1840: Slave population in Census: 2,487,000
1844: The Methodist Episcopal Church, South breaks away on issue of slavery.
1845:
1846: James D.B. DeBow establishes DeBow's Review, the leading Southern magazine warning against depending on the North economically. DeBow's Review emerges as the leading voice for secession. DeBow emphasizes the South's economic underdevelopment, relating it to the concentration of manufacturing, shipping, banking, and international trade in the North.
1848:
1850: Compromise of 1850 enacted; California (U.S. state) admitted as free state; Texas gets paid for lands; New Mexico Territory formed, allowing slavery; no slave trade allowed in District of Columbia; stiffer fugitive slave law. Proposed by Henry Clay and brokered by Stephen A. Douglas, it reflects solution to slavery of Northern Democrats. Southerners take wait-and-see approach; they are angered by Northern refusal to obey Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.
1851: Southern Unionists in several states defeat secession measures; Mississippi's convention denies the existence of the right to secession.
1852:
1854:
:1855-1856: Violence breaks out in "Bleeding Kansas"
1857-1859:
1860:
1861:
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