Insulin resistance/Bibliography

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Journal articles

• Melnik BC. (2009) Permanent impairment of insulin resistance from pregnancy to adulthood: the primary basic risk factor of chronic Western diseases. Med Hypotheses 73:670-81.
  • Excerpt: It is the intention of this hypothesis paper to provide evidence that IR and increased insulin/IGF-1 signalling is important for all life phases with physiologic growth requirements and is the major effector of all risk factors of chronic Western diseases...It will be shown that Western life style risk factors like obesity, consumption of cow milk and dairy products, hyperalimentation, increased intake of food with high glycaemic index, use of hormonal contraceptives, androgen abuse, common drugs like beta-adrenergic blockers and glucocorticoids, smoking, and inadequate physical exercise altogether permanently induce pathologic IR [insulin resistance] beginning already during pregnancy and fetal life persisting into adulthood. IR causes hyperinsulinaemia and elevated serum levels of IGF-1 [insulin-like growth factor 1]. Both hormones are potent mitogens, stimulate growth, cell proliferation, and exert anti-apoptotic activity, which have been correlated with the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurodegenerative disorders…This hypothesis shows for the first time that all chronic Western diseases may be related to a common underlying pathogenic key mechanism of well known risk factors of chronic Western diseases, i.e., insulin resistance. In order to assess an individual’s personal risk constellation, all risk factors associated with IR have to be taken into account.