CZ:Featured article/Current: Difference between revisions

From Citizendium
Jump to navigation Jump to search
imported>Chunbum Park
(→‎Higgs boson: block cipher)
imported>Chunbum Park
No edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
== '''[[Block cipher]]''' ==
== '''[[Jet engine]]''' ==
----
----
In [[cryptography]], '''block ciphers''' are one of the two main types of [[symmetric cipher]]; they operate on fixed-size blocks of [[plaintext]], giving a block of [[ciphertext]] for each. The other main type are [[stream cipher]]s, which generate a continuous stream of keying material to be mixed with messages.
A '''jet engine''' is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets and pump-jets. In general, most jet engines are [[internal combustion engine]]s but non-combusting forms also exist.


The basic function of block ciphers is to keep messages or stored data [[Information_security#Content_confidentiality | secret]]; the intent is that an unauthorised person be completely unable to read the enciphered material. Block ciphers therefore use a [[Key (cryptography)|key]] and are designed to be hard to read without that key. Of course an attacker's intent is exactly the opposite; he wants to read the material without authorisation, and often without the key. See [[cryptanalysis]] for his methods.
In some common usage, the term ''jet engine'' generally refers to an internal combustion duct engine, which typically consists of an engine with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine ("Brayton cycle"), with the leftover power providing thrust via a propelling nozzle. These types of jet engines are primarily used by jet aircraft for long distance travel. The early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use high-bypass turbofan engines which help give high speeds as well as, over long distances, giving better fuel efficiency than many other forms of transport.
==History==
Jet engines can be dated back to the first century AD, when [[Hero of Alexandria]] (a [[Greek]] mathematician) invented the aeolipile. This used steam power directed through two jet nozzles so as to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis. So far as is known, it was little used for supplying mechanical power, and the potential practical applications of Hero's invention of the jet engine were not recognized. It was simply considered a curiosity.


Among the best-known and most widely used block ciphers are two US government standards. The [[Data Encryption Standard]] (DES) from the 1970s is now considered obsolete; the [[Advanced Encryption Standard]] (AES) replaced it in 2002. To choose the new standard, the [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] ran an AES competition. Fifteen ciphers were entered, five finalists selected, and eventually AES chosen. Text below gives an overview; for details of the process and the criteria, and descriptions of all fifteen candidates, see the [[AES competition]] article.


These standards greatly influenced the design of other block ciphers, and the latter part of this article is divided into sections based on that. [[#DES and alternatives | DES and alternatives]] describes 20th century block ciphers, all with the 64-bit block size of DES. [[#The AES generation | The AES generation]] describes the next generation, the first 21st century ciphers, all with the 128-bit block size of AES. [[#Large-block ciphers | Large-block ciphers]] covers a few special cases that do not fit in the other sections.
''[[Jet engine|.... (read more)]]''
 
 
''[[Block cipher|.... (read more)]]''


{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 90%; float: center; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.8em 0px;"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 90%; float: center; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.8em 0px;"
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center;" |  [[Block cipher#References|notes]]
! style="text-align: center;" |  [[Jet engine#References|notes]]
|-
|-
|
|
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
|}
|}

Revision as of 20:37, 19 July 2012

Jet engine

A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust in accordance with Newton's laws of motion. This broad definition of jet engines includes turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets and pump-jets. In general, most jet engines are internal combustion engines but non-combusting forms also exist.

In some common usage, the term jet engine generally refers to an internal combustion duct engine, which typically consists of an engine with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine ("Brayton cycle"), with the leftover power providing thrust via a propelling nozzle. These types of jet engines are primarily used by jet aircraft for long distance travel. The early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight. Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use high-bypass turbofan engines which help give high speeds as well as, over long distances, giving better fuel efficiency than many other forms of transport.

History

Jet engines can be dated back to the first century AD, when Hero of Alexandria (a Greek mathematician) invented the aeolipile. This used steam power directed through two jet nozzles so as to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis. So far as is known, it was little used for supplying mechanical power, and the potential practical applications of Hero's invention of the jet engine were not recognized. It was simply considered a curiosity.


.... (read more)

Retrieved from "https://citizendium.org/wiki/index.php?title=CZ:Featured_article/Current&oldid=829766"