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| == '''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order]]''' ==
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| ''by [[User:Howard C. Berkowitz|Howard C. Berkowitz]]
| | <small> |
| | | ==Footnotes== |
| ----
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| '''''The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order''''' is an influential and controversial book on [[grand strategy]], [[international relations]] and world futures, by the late political scientist [[Samuel Huntington]]. He does not rigorously define an abstraction of a [[civilization]], but uses examples, although in a ''[[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]'' article he called a civilization "the highest cultural grouping and the broadest level of cultural identity short of that which distinguishes humans from other species."<noinclude><ref name=Huntington-FA>{{citation
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| |title= The Clash of Civilizations?
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| | date = Summer 1993
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| | url = http://uniset.ca/terr/news/fgnaff_huntingtonclash.html
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| | journal = [[Foreign Affairs (magazine)|Foreign Affairs]]
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]}}</ref></noinclude>
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| In the book, the chief premise is
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| <blockquote>that culture and cultural identifies, which at the broadest level are civilization identities, are shaping the patterns of cohesion, disintegration and culture in the post-[[Cold War]] world.<ref name=Huntington-1996>{{cite book
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| | title = The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order
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| | author = [[Samuel Huntington|Samuel P. Huntington]]
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| | publisher= Simon & Schuster
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| | year = 1996
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| | ISBN-10 = 0684811642
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| }},p. 20</ref></blockquote> | |
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| It takes a darker view than some alternative models, such as that of [[Thomas P.M. Barnett]] in ''[[The Pentagon's New Map]]'',<ref name=Barnett>{{cite book
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| | author = Barnett, Thomas P.M.
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| | title = The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century
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| | publisher = Berkley Trade
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| | year = 2005
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| | ISBN-10 = 0425202399
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| }}</ref> suggesting that major conflict is likely; "avoidance of a global war of civilization depends on world leaders accepting and cooperating to maintain the multicivilizational character of global politics." He bases this on five corollaries to the central theme: | |
| #Global politics is multipolar and multicivilizational; [[modernization (cultural)|modernization]] is distinct from [[Westernization]]
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| #"The balance of power among civilizations is shifting; the West is declining in relative influence"
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| #"A civilization-based world order is emerging; societies sharing cultural affinities cooperate with each other; efforts to shift societies from one civilization to another are unsuccessful
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| #"The West's universalist pretentions increasingly bring it into conflict with other civilizations, most seriously with Islam and China"
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| #"The survival of the West depends on Americans reaffirming their Western identity and Westerners accepting their civilization as unique not universal"
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| He rejects [[globalization]] as being neither necessary nor desirable. He specifically rejects the [[The End of History and the Last Man|"end of history"]] model of his student, [[Francis Fukuyama]]:<blockquote>we may be witnessing..the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.<ref name=FukuyamaEnd>{{citation
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| | author = [[Francis Fukuyama]]
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| | journal = [[The National Interest]]
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| | title = The End of History
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| | volume = 16
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| | date = Summer 1989
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| | issue = 4 }}, p. 18</ref></blockquote> Note that Fukuyama has sometimes been strongly identified with [[neoconservatism]], which has this ideal of liberal democracy, although his position keeps evolving.
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| ''[[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order|.... (read more)]]''
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width: 90%; float: center; margin: 0.5em 1em 0.8em 0px;"
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| |-
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| ! style="text-align: center;" | [[The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order#References|notes]]
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| {{reflist|2}} | | {{reflist|2}} |
| |}
| | </small> |
After decades of failure to slow the rising global consumption of coal, oil and gas,[1] many countries have proceeded as of 2024 to reconsider nuclear power in order to lower the demand for fossil fuels.[2] Wind and solar power alone, without large-scale storage for these intermittent sources, are unlikely to meet the world's needs for reliable energy.[3][4][5] See Figures 1 and 2 on the magnitude of the world energy challenge.
Nuclear power plants that use nuclear reactors to create electricity could provide the abundant, zero-carbon, dispatchable[6] energy needed for a low-carbon future, but not by simply building more of what we already have. New innovative designs for nuclear reactors are needed to avoid the problems of the past.
(CC) Image: Geoff Russell Fig.1 Electricity consumption may soon double, mostly from coal-fired power plants in the developing world.
[7] Issues Confronting the Nuclear Industry
New reactor designers have sought to address issues that have prevented the acceptance of nuclear power, including safety, waste management, weapons proliferation, and cost. This article will summarize the questions that have been raised and the criteria that have been established for evaluating these designs. Answers to these questions will be provided by the designers of these reactors in the articles on their designs. Further debate will be provided in the Discussion and the Debate Guide pages of those articles.
- ↑ Global Energy Growth by Our World In Data
- ↑ Countries, organizations, and public figures that have reconsidered their stance on nuclear power are listed on the External Links tab of this article.
- ↑ Pumped storage is currently the most economical way to store electricity, but it requires a large reservoir on a nearby hill or in an abandoned mine. Li-ion battery systems at $500 per KWh are not practical for utility-scale storage. See Energy Storage for a summary of other alternatives.
- ↑ Utilities that include wind and solar power in their grid must have non-intermittent generating capacity (typically fossil fuels) to handle maximum demand for several days. They can save on fuel, but the cost of the plant is the same with or without intermittent sources.
- ↑ Mark Jacobson believes that long-distance transmission lines can provide an alternative to costly storage. See the bibliography for more on this proposal and the critique by Christopher Clack.
- ↑ "Load following" is the term used by utilities, and is important when there is a lot of wind and solar on the grid. Some reactors are not able to do this.
- ↑ Fig.1.3 in Devanney "Why Nuclear Power has been a Flop"
