Protochlorophyllide

Arabidopsis flu mutant, glowing red due excess of protochlorophyllide

Protochlorophyllide that lacks the phytol side chain of chlorophyll . Unlike chlorophyll, protochlorophyllide is highly fluorescent; mutants that accumulate it glow in red if irradiated by the blue lightIn Angiosperms, the last step, conversion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll, is light - dependent and such plants are pale (etiolated) if grown in the darkness. Gymnosperms, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria additionally have another, light - independent enzyme and grow green in the darkness as well.

Conversion to chlorophyll

The enzyme that converts protochlorophyllide to chlorophyll is protochlorophyllide reductase , EC 1.3.1.33. There are two structurally unrelated proteins with this activity: the light - dependent and the dark - operative. The light dependent reductase needs light to operate. The dark - operative version is a completely different protein, consisting of three subunits that exhibit significant sequence similarity to the three subunits of nitrogenase, which catalyzes the formation of ammonia from dinitrogen . This enzyme might be evolutionary older but (being similar to nitrogenase) is highly sensitive to free oxygen and does not work if its concentration exceeds about 3 % . Hence the alternative, light dependent version needed to evolve.

Most of the photosynthetic bacteria have both light dependent and light independent reductases. Angiosperms have lost the dark - operative form and rely on 3 slightly different copies of light - dependent version, frequently abbreviated as POR A, B and C. Gymnosperms have much more copies of the similar gene (Loblolly pine has about 11 [9]). In plants, POR is encoded in the cell nucleus and only later transported to its place of work, chloroplast. Unlike with POR, in plants and algae that have the dark - operative enzyme it is at least partially encoded in the chloroplast genome

Potential danger for plant

Chlorophyll itself is bound to proteins and can transfer the absorbed energy in the required direction. Protochlorophyllide, differently, mostly occurs in the free form and under light conditions acts as photosensitizer, forming highly toxic free radicals. Hence plants need an efficient mechanism of regulating the amount of chlorophyll precursor. In angiosperms, this is done at the step of D-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), one of the intermediate compounds in the biosynthesis pathway. Plants that are fed by ALA accumulate high and toxic levels of protochlorophyllide, so do the mutants with the damaged regulatory system.

Arabidopsis FLU mutant witch damaged regulation can only survive either in a continuos darkness (protochlorophyllide is not dangerous in the darkness) or under continuos light, when the plant is capable to convert all produced protochlorophyllide into chlorophyll and do not overacumulate it despite of the lack of regulation. In barley Tigrina mutant (mutated on the same gene, ) light kills the majority of the leaf tissue that has developed in the darkness, but part of the leaf that originated during the day survive. As a result, the leaves are covered by white stripes of necrotic regions, and the number of the white stripes is close to the age of the leaf in days. Green regions survive the subsequent nights, likely because the synthesis of chlorophyll in the mature leaf tissue is greatly reduced anyway.

Biosynthesis regulatory protein FLU

Despite of numerous past attempts to find the mutant that overacumulates protochlorophyllide under usual conditions, only one such gene (flu) is currently (2009) known. Flu (first described in ) is a nuclear - encoded, chloroplast - located protein that appears containing only protein - protein interaction sites. It is currently not know which other proteins interact through this linker. The regulatory protein is a transmembrane protein that is located in the thylakoid membrane. Later it was discovered that Tigrina mutants in barley, known long time ago, are also mutated in the same gene It is not obvious why no mutants of any other gene were observed; maybe mutations in other proteins, involved into the regulatory chain, are fatal. Flu is a single gene, not a member of the gene family.

Later by the sequence similarity the similar protein was found in Chlamydomonas algae , showing that this regulatory subsystem have existed long time before the angiosperms have lost the independent conversion enzyme. Differently, the Chlamydomonas regulatory protein is more complex: it is larger, crosses the thylakoid membrane twice rather than once, contains more protein-protein interactions sites and even undergoes the alternative splicing. It looks like the reglatory system underwent simplification during evolution.