English irregular verbs: Difference between revisions
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*the -'''s''' form, which is used for the [[third person]] [[singular]] of the present tense ('''hê wâits, shê wâits''') | *the -'''s''' form, which is used for the [[third person]] [[singular]] of the present tense ('''hê wâits, shê wâits''') | ||
*the -'''íng''' form, used for the [[present participle]] and [[gerund]] ('''Î'm wâiting, wâiting ís bŏring'''; in most cases the base sheds any final '''e''': compare '''sínging''' ''sing'' with '''síngeing''' ''singe'' *sínjing) | *the -'''íng''' form, used for the [[present participle]] and [[gerund]] ('''Î'm wâiting, wâiting ís bŏring'''; in most cases the base sheds any final '''e''': compare '''sínging''' ''sing'' with '''síngeing''' ''singe'' *sínjing) | ||
*the past form, which is used both for the [[past tense]] and the [[past participle]], and which consists of adding -'''ed''' to the base (from '''wâit''', '''I wâited, shê has wâited''', *wâitid; '''loòk''' | *the past form, which is used both for the [[past tense]] and the [[past participle]], and which consists of adding -'''ed''' to the base (from '''wâit''', '''I wâited, shê has wâited''', *wâitid; from '''loòk''', '''loòked''' *lùkt; from '''sêem''', '''sêemed''' *sêemd), or, in the case of verbs ending in -'''e''', -'''d''' only (from '''fâde''', '''fâded''' *fâidid) | ||
'''Irregular verbs''' also have these forms, and form the -'''s''' and -'''ing''' forms regularly: '''béar, béars, béaring'''. But the past tense and/or past participle are not formed regularly: '''to béar''' has the [[principal parts (verb)|principal parts]] '''béar, bŏre, bŏrn''', which means that there is no form *beared; instead, an example of the past tense is '''shê bŏre hím''' and of the past passive '''hê was bŏrn'''. | '''Irregular verbs''' also have these forms, and form the -'''s''' and -'''ing''' forms regularly: '''béar, béars, béaring'''. But the past tense and/or past participle are not formed regularly: '''to béar''' has the [[principal parts (verb)|principal parts]] '''béar, bŏre, bŏrn''', which means that there is no form *beared; instead, an example of the past tense is '''shê bŏre hím''' and of the past passive '''hê was bŏrn'''. | ||
Revision as of 06:29, 16 January 2009
Regular verbs in English have four forms:
- the base, which is equivalent to the infinitive without 'to' and most forms of the present tense (for example, wâit, to wâit, Î wâit) (The accents, which are not part of the language, are included to show stress and pronunciation: see English spellings for a table and English phonemes for the IPA. Words in italics suggest meaning, and an equals sign is placed between homophones)
- the -s form, which is used for the third person singular of the present tense (hê wâits, shê wâits)
- the -íng form, used for the present participle and gerund (Î'm wâiting, wâiting ís bŏring; in most cases the base sheds any final e: compare sínging sing with síngeing singe *sínjing)
- the past form, which is used both for the past tense and the past participle, and which consists of adding -ed to the base (from wâit, I wâited, shê has wâited, *wâitid; from loòk, loòked *lùkt; from sêem, sêemed *sêemd), or, in the case of verbs ending in -e, -d only (from fâde, fâded *fâidid)
Irregular verbs also have these forms, and form the -s and -ing forms regularly: béar, béars, béaring. But the past tense and/or past participle are not formed regularly: to béar has the principal parts béar, bŏre, bŏrn, which means that there is no form *beared; instead, an example of the past tense is shê bŏre hím and of the past passive hê was bŏrn.
A number of irregular verbs also have associated passive adjectives, as for example súnken, from sínk, sánk, súnk (súnken chêeks) and as in såwn-óff shótgun and neŵ-môwn låwns. These are included here in cases where their form is different from that of the past participle (regular verbs with this feature are also included, and these forms are sometimes used in place of the regular past participle). Not all the forms listed are in common use: for example, people are still described as being behôlden to others, but the verb itself, behôld, meaning 'look at', is nowadays only used poetically or in jest.
Table of irregular verbs
base | past tense | past participle | adjective |
---|---|---|---|
béar birth | bŏre | bŏrn | |
béar suffer, carry | bŏre | bŏrne | |
bêat | bêat | bêaten | |
begín | begán | begún | |
behôld | behéld | behéld | behôlden |
bénd | bént | bént | |
berêave | berêaved | berêaved | beréft |
besêech | besŏught | besŏught | |
bíd ask for | bíd | bíd | |
bíd ask question | báde (= bád wrong) | bídden | |
bînd | bòund | bòund | |
bîte | bít | bítten | |
blêed | bléd | bléd | |
bléss | bléssed | bléssed = blést | bléssed, pronounced *bléssíd |
blôw | bleŵ (= blûe colour) | blôwn | |
breâk | brôke | brôken | |
brêed | bréd | bréd | |
bríng | brŏught | brŏught | |
buíld | buílt | buílt | |
bürn | bürnt, bürned | bürnt, bürned | |
bürst | bürst | bürst | |
buy | bŏught | bŏught | |
cāst | cāst | cāst | |
cátch (-s form cátches) | cåught | cåught | |
chîde | chîded, chíd | chîded | chídden |
choôse | chôse | chôsen | |
clêave | clôve | clôven | cléft |
clíng | clúng | clúng | |
clôthe | clôthed | clôthed | clád |
còme | câme | còme | |
cóst | cóst | cóst | |
crêep | crépt | crépt | |
cút | cút | cút | |
dêal | déalt | déalt | |
díg | dúg | dúg | |
dîve | dîved (AmE also has dôve, cf. dòve bird) | dîved | |
do (*doô; -s form dòes *dúzz) | díd | dòne (= dún colour) | |
dråw | dreŵ | dråwn | |
drêam | dréamt, drêamed | dréamt, drêamed | |
drínk | dránk | drúnk | drúnken |
drîve | drôve | dríven | |
dwéll | dwélt | dwélt | |
êat | âte AmE, BrE *ét | êaten | |
fåll | féll | fållen | |
fêed | féd | féd | |
fêel | félt | félt | |
fîght | fŏught | fŏught | |
fînd discover | fòund[1] | fòund | |
flêe | fléd | fléd | |
flíng | flúng | flúng | |
flŷ (-s form flîes) | fleŵ | flôwn | |
forbéar | forbŏre | forbŏrne | |
forbíd | forbáde, forbâde, forbád | forbídden | |
forsâke | forsoòk | forsâken | |
frêeze | frôze | frôzen | |
gét | gót | gót BrE, AmE gótten | |
gíld | gílded | gílded | gílt |
gíve | gâve | gíven | |
gô (-s form gôes) | wént | góne | |
grînd | gròund | gròund | |
grôw | greŵ | grôwn | |
háng | húng | húng (except for hánged executed) | |
háve (-s form hás) | hád | hád | |
hêar | hëard | hëard | |
hêave | hêaved, hôve | hêaved, hôve | |
heŵ | heŵed | heŵed | heŵn |
hîde | híd | hídden | |
hít | hít | hít | |
hôld | héld | héld | |
hürt | hürt | hürt | |
kêep | képt | képt | |
knêel down (= Nêil person) | knélt (*nélt) | knélt | |
knôw knowledge (= nô not) | kneŵ ( = neŵ fresh) | knôwn | |
lây put cf. lîe | lâid | lâid | |
lêad | léd | léd | |
lêan | léant, lêaned | léant, lêaned | |
lêap | léapt, lêaped | léapt, lêaped | |
lëarn | lëarnt, lëarned | lëarnt, lëarned | |
lêave | léft | léft | |
lénd | lént | lént | |
lét | lét | lét | |
lîe down[2] | lây | lâin | |
lîght | lít, lîghted | lít, lîghted | |
lose (*loôz, cf. loôse insecure *loôss) | lóst | lóst | |
mâke | mâde | mâde | |
mêan | méant | méant | |
mêet | mét | mét | |
mêet | mét | mét | |
môw | môwed | môwed | môwn |
pây | pâid | pâid | |
plêad | BrE plêaded, AmE pléd | BrE plêaded, AmE pléd | |
prècìs (*prâycêe) | prècis’d (*prâycêed) | prècis’d | |
prove (oô) | proved (oô) | proved (oô), prôven (or oô) | prôven (or oô) |
pùt | pùt | pùt | |
quít | quít, quítted | quít, quítted | |
rêad | réad (= réd colour) | réad | |
rénd | rént | rént | |
rîde | rôde | rídden | |
ríng | ráng | rúng | |
rîse | rôse | rísen | |
rót | rótted | rótted | rótten |
rún | rán | rún | |
såw | såwed | såwed, såwn | såwn |
sây | said (é) | said (é) | |
sêe | såw | sêen | |
sêek | sŏught (= BrE sŏrt) | sŏught | |
séll | sôld | sôld | |
sénd | sént | sént | |
sét | sét | sét | |
sew (ô) | sewed (ô) | sewed, sewn (ô) | |
shâke | shoòk | shâken | |
shâve | shâved | shâved | shâven |
shêar | shêared | shêared | shŏrn |
shéd | shéd | shéd | |
shîne | shóne | shóne | |
shoe (= shoô away) | shód | shód | |
shoôt | shót | shót | |
shôw | shôwed | shôwn | |
shrínk | shránk | shrúnk | |
shrîve | shrôve | shríven | |
shút | shút | shút | |
síng | sáng | súng | |
sínk | sánk | súnk | |
sít | sát | sát | |
slây | sleŵ | slâin | |
slêep | slépt | slépt | |
slîde | slíd | slíd | |
slíng | slúng | slúng | |
slínk | slúnk | slúnk | |
slít | slít | slít | |
sméll | smélt, smélled | smélt, smélled | |
smîte | smôte | smítten | |
sôw | sôwed | sôwn, sôwed | |
spêak | spôke | spôken | |
spêed | spêd, spêeded | spéd, spêeded | |
spéll | spélt, spélled | spélt, spélled | |
spénd | spént | spént | |
spíll | spílt, spílled | spílt, spílled | |
spín | spún, spán | spún | |
spít | spát | spát | |
splít | splít | splít | |
spŏil | spŏilt, spŏiled | spŏilt, spŏiled | |
spréad | spréad | spréad | |
spríng | spráng | sprúng | |
stánd | stoòd | stoòd | |
stêal | stôle | stôlen | |
stíck | stúck | stúck | |
stíng | stúng | stúng | |
stínk | stánk | stúnk | |
streŵ | streŵed | streŵn | |
stríng | strúng | strúng | |
strîve | strôve | stríven | |
swéãr | swŏre | swŏrn | |
swêep | swépt | swépt | |
swéll | swélled | swélled, swôllen | |
swím | swám | swúm | |
swíng | swúng | swúng | |
tâke | toòk | tâken | |
têach | tåught | tåught | |
téar | tŏre | tŏrn | |
téll | tôld | tôld | |
thínk | thŏught | thŏught | |
thrôw | threŵ | thrôwn | |
thrúst | thrúst | thrúst | |
tréad | tród | tródden, tród | |
wâke | wôke | wôken | |
wéãr | wŏre | wŏrn | |
wêave | wôve | wôven | |
wêep | wépt | wépt | |
wín | wòn | wòn | |
wînd (cf. wínd blow) | wòund | wòund | |
wríng | wrúng | wrúng | |
wrîte | wrôte | wrítten |