Naloxone: Difference between revisions
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'''Naloxone''' is a [[drug]] that acts as an [[opiate]] [[antagonist]]<ref name=Pinel1997>Pinel, J. P. J. (1997). Biopsychology (3rd ed.). Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.</ref>. It has a high affinity for the [[endorphin]] [[receptor]]s that serve the body's [[endogenous]] opiates, or [[exogenous]] drugs like [[morphine]] or [[heroin]], a particularly concentrated opiate. | '''Naloxone''' is a [[drug]] that acts as an [[opiate]] [[antagonist]]<ref name=Pinel1997>Pinel, J. P. J. (1997). ''Biopsychology'' (3rd ed.). Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.</ref>. It has a high affinity for the [[endorphin]] [[receptor]]s that serve the body's [[endogenous]] opiates, or [[exogenous]] drugs like [[morphine]] or [[heroin]], a particularly concentrated opiate. | ||
Interest in the addictive properties of opiates has stimulated research into naloxone, which has been associated with immediate withdrawal symptoms in users of [[heroin]]. Naloxone may counter the behavioral suppression of opiates (e.g. the euphoria and lethargy following [[morphine]] injection) by its competition with opiates at endorphin receptors. It is also possible that naloxone itself exerts some behavioral influence, either in the form of general activity enhancement or as a suppressor of behavior. Experiments with the [[hamster]]<ref name=Schnur1986>Schnur, P.; Raigoza, V. P. Effects of naloxone on morphine induced sedation and hyperactivity in the hamster. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24:849-854; 1986.</ref> suggest that naloxone injected before [[morphine]] can drive activity levels even above those of [[saline]] controls. But other research on naloxone has shown that it, like morphine, may suppress some behaviors, e.g. sexual behavior in male [[rat]]s<ref name=Miller1987>Miller, R. L.; Baum, J. Naloxone inhibits mating and conditioned place preference for an estrous female in male rats soon after castration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 26:781-789; 1987.</ref>. In order for naloxone to depress activity it appears to be necessary that it be injected at relatively high doses (e.g. 10 mg/kg and above in rats)<ref name=Babbini1972>Babbini, M.; Davis, W. M. Time-dose relationships for locomotor activity effects of morphine after acute or repeated treatment. Br. J. Pharmac. 46:213-224; 1972.</ref>. | Interest in the addictive properties of opiates has stimulated research into naloxone, which has been associated with immediate withdrawal symptoms in users of [[heroin]]. Naloxone may counter the behavioral suppression of opiates (e.g. the euphoria and lethargy following [[morphine]] injection) by its competition with opiates at endorphin receptors. It is also possible that naloxone itself exerts some behavioral influence, either in the form of general activity enhancement or as a suppressor of behavior. Experiments with the [[hamster]]<ref name=Schnur1986>Schnur, P.; Raigoza, V. P. Effects of naloxone on morphine induced sedation and hyperactivity in the hamster. ''Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.'' 24:849-854; 1986.</ref> suggest that naloxone injected before [[morphine]] can drive activity levels even above those of [[saline]] controls. But other research on naloxone has shown that it, like morphine, may suppress some behaviors, e.g. sexual behavior in male [[rat]]s<ref name=Miller1987>Miller, R. L.; Baum, J. Naloxone inhibits mating and conditioned place preference for an estrous female in male rats soon after castration. ''Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav.'' 26:781-789; 1987.</ref>. In order for naloxone to depress activity it appears to be necessary that it be injected at relatively high doses (e.g. 10 mg/kg and above in rats)<ref name=Babbini1972>Babbini, M.; Davis, W. M. Time-dose relationships for locomotor activity effects of morphine after acute or repeated treatment. ''Br. J. Pharmac.'' 46:213-224; 1972.</ref>. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 16:52, 5 March 2008
Naloxone is a drug that acts as an opiate antagonist[1]. It has a high affinity for the endorphin receptors that serve the body's endogenous opiates, or exogenous drugs like morphine or heroin, a particularly concentrated opiate.
Interest in the addictive properties of opiates has stimulated research into naloxone, which has been associated with immediate withdrawal symptoms in users of heroin. Naloxone may counter the behavioral suppression of opiates (e.g. the euphoria and lethargy following morphine injection) by its competition with opiates at endorphin receptors. It is also possible that naloxone itself exerts some behavioral influence, either in the form of general activity enhancement or as a suppressor of behavior. Experiments with the hamster[2] suggest that naloxone injected before morphine can drive activity levels even above those of saline controls. But other research on naloxone has shown that it, like morphine, may suppress some behaviors, e.g. sexual behavior in male rats[3]. In order for naloxone to depress activity it appears to be necessary that it be injected at relatively high doses (e.g. 10 mg/kg and above in rats)[4].
References
- ↑ Pinel, J. P. J. (1997). Biopsychology (3rd ed.). Toronto: Allyn & Bacon.
- ↑ Schnur, P.; Raigoza, V. P. Effects of naloxone on morphine induced sedation and hyperactivity in the hamster. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 24:849-854; 1986.
- ↑ Miller, R. L.; Baum, J. Naloxone inhibits mating and conditioned place preference for an estrous female in male rats soon after castration. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 26:781-789; 1987.
- ↑ Babbini, M.; Davis, W. M. Time-dose relationships for locomotor activity effects of morphine after acute or repeated treatment. Br. J. Pharmac. 46:213-224; 1972.