Michael Collins

Michael Collins (16 October 1890 – 22 August 1922) was an Irish leader, rebel and soldier. The guerrilla war of his Irish Volunteers during the Irish War of Independence, 1919-21 against British security forces was characterized by systematic assassinations and terrorism by both sides. Although the public romanticized him as a gunman, and his own preferred image was that of a soldier, Collins was more important historically as a revolutionary strategist and organizer, administrator, politician, and state-builder.

Son of a farmer in County Cork, he was recruited into the Irish Republican Brotherhood, the secret rebel movement, at the age of 19. He became aide-de-camp to one of the leaders, Joseph Plunkett.

During the Easter Rising of 1916, he was one of the occupiers of the Dublin General Post Office. Following the surrender, he was imprisoned and narrowly escaped execution. During his internment in Wales, his leadership abilities became apparent and he soon became a member of the executive of Sinn Féin and a leader within the Irish Volunteers, soon renamed the "Irish Republican Army."

By the start of the Irish War of Independence, Collins had become a crucial and effective leader of the Irish Republican Army or "IRA". In 1921, at Éamon de Valera's behest, he led the Sinn Féin delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations in London. Collins endorsed the treaty but it was unacceptable to de Valera, who led the Irish Civil War to stop it. Against this insurrection of so-called "irregulars" comprising most of the I.R.A., Collins led the Irish Free State's Irish Army, called the "Regulars." Fighting for the pro-Treaty side, Collins hastily organised the new army from a minority of the I.R.A. along with new recruits; it was funded and supplied by the British government. The civil war was marked by anarchy and brute force. with unprecedented disorder, loss of life and destruction of property. Criminals used the confusion to rob and loot, as they attacked country houses and businesses. The damage greatly exceeded that of the war against the British. When Irregulars assassinated someone, the Regulars executed prisoners in reprisal. Women and children were used as decoys, women as gunmen; gunmen in mufti carried out ambushes and made attacks with pistols and grenades in crowded streets; as often as not the casualties were innocent passers-by.

Collins was killed in an ambush in Cork, on 22nd August, 1922, but his much better organized army defeated the poorly led insurgents, ending the civil war in 1923.

See also

• Easter Rising
• Irish War of Independence

Bibliography

• Bowden, Tom. "The Irish Underground and the War of Independence 1919-21." Journal of Contemporary History 1973 8(2): 3-23. Issn: 0022-0094 Fulltext: in Jstor
• Coogan, Tim Pat. The Man Who Made Ireland: The Life and Death of Michael Collins. Niwot, Colorado: Roberts Rinehart, 1992. 510 pp.
• Dwyer, R. Ryle. Michael Collins: The Man Who Won the War (1990)
• Forester, Margery. Michael Collins: The Lost Leader (2d ed. 1989)
• Mackay, James. Michael Collins: A Life. North Pomfret, Vermont: Trafalgar Square, 1997. 320 pp.
• Murphy, John F., Jr. "Michael Collins and the Craft of Intelligence." International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 2004 17(2): 333-357. Issn: 0885-0607, not online
• Regan, John M. "Michael Collins, General Commanding-in-chief, as a Historiographical Problem" History 2007 92(3): 318-346. Issn: 0018-2648 Fulltext: Ebsco