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| ==Preface==
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| The ''Heterodox Traditions'' in Economics began when [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/rousseau.htm Jean-Jacques Rousseau] , a Swiss political philosopher of the Enlightenment and purported father of the French Revolution, wrote his book ''Discourse on Political Economy'' (Economie Politique) (1755)<ref name=ROSSEAU1>''l'ENCYCLOPÉDIE,OU DICTIONNAIRE RAISONNÉ DES SCIENCES, DES ARTS ET DES MÉTIERS par une Société de Gens de Lettres''. Mis en ordre & publié par M. DIDEROT, de l'Académie des Sciences & des Belles-Lettres de Prusse;Paris, Briasson..., 1755</ref> which became the entry on the subject in Diderot's Encyclopedie.
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| ==Utopians and Socialists==
| | '''Heterodox economics''' refers to a relatively small but growing ''movement'' among economists who are seeking to gain acceptance of their ideas into mainstream economic thinking and scholarly discourse. Thinkers within the movement seek to organize various economic traditions, including post-Keynesianism, old institutionalism, feminist, social, and Marxian and Austrian economics under its new umbrella, according to the movement's view of what such traditions hold in common. In doing so, the heterodox economics movement seeks to distinguish its conceptualizations from what it views as "mainstream economics", which the movement engages yet opposes on some fundamental concepts. |
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| ===Rousseauvian Socialism=== | | <!-- |
| | ==History of the movement== |
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| [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/rousseau.htm '''Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1788'''] wrote [http://www.constitution.org/jjr/polecon.htm ''Discourse on Political Economy'' (1755)], an article which contains no obvious economic theory and is merely a pre-taste of the political philosophy he was to lay out in his [http://www.constitution.org/jjr/socon.htm ''Social Contract'' (1762)]. His earlier polemical [http://www.constitution.org/jjr/ineq.htm ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754)] - which argued that civilization had destroyed man's ''"natural goodness"'' and thus was the source on inequality - is prescient of the Marxian doctrine of ''"alienation"''.
| | ==Views== |
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| Rousseau's work had a little direct impact on economics, but exerted a substantial indirect influence. He shared with his fellow Enlightenment philosophers the faith in the existence of a ''"natural state"'' of society - which one could thereby extend to social equilibrium and ''"natural value"'' concepts - which were very much ingrained in the thinking of the [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/physioc.htm Physiocrats] and [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/smith.htm Adam Smith]. His appeal to this state via his ''"natural man"'', the ''"noble savage"'', is reminiscent of the analogies formed in modern economics.
| | ==Criticisms== |
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| A thorough pessimist about existing human society, Rousseau recognized that this ''"natural state"'' was perverted by ''"civilization"'' and that the appetites and motivations of civilized man had been consequently corrupted and constructed by his interaction with society - ''"Man is born free and is everywhere in chains"'' as he wrote in his famous opening to the ''Social Contract'' <ref name=SOCIALCONTRACT>[http://www.constitution.org/jjr/socon.htm ROSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. ''The Social Contract, or Principles of Political Right''. 1762.<small>Translated by G. D. H. Cole, public domain. Rendered into HTML and text by Jon Roland of the Constitution Society</small>.]</ref>
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| The "natural state", Rousseau claimed, could only be achieved via wholesale social reform which envisioned a collective state with extra-personal dedication to a ''"General Will"''''. Only in such a state, Rousseau asserted, could the true ''"natural man"'' exist and be truly free. It is these last observations that make Rousseau the father of ''Socialism'' (utopian and otherwise) - and earned him much emnity from later anti-Socialists such as [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/hayek.htm Hayek].
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| His publications got him arrested and his books were burned throughout France. He ran off to England, being hosted and supported by [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/hume.htm David Hume] where he wrote his polemical ''Letters from the Mountain'' <ref name=MOUTAIN> ROSSEAU, Jean-Jacques. ''Letter to Beaumont, Letters Written from the Mountain, and Related Writings''. .Editor: Univ Pr of New England; 2002; ISBN 1584651644 .</ref> Soon he returned to France, where he wandered in poverty until his death in 1778.
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| ===Utopian Socialism===
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| ===Ricardian Socialism===
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| ===Saint-Simonism===
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| ===Revolutionary Anarcho-Socialism===
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| ===Marxist Socialism===
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| ===Young Hegelians and State Socialism===
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| ===Christian Socialism===
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| ===American Populists and Socialists===
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| ==References==
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| <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
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| <references /></div>
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| [[Category:CZ Live]]
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| [[Category:Economics Workgroup]]
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| [[Category:Sociology Workgroup]]
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| [[Category:Politics Workgroup]]
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Heterodox economics refers to a relatively small but growing movement among economists who are seeking to gain acceptance of their ideas into mainstream economic thinking and scholarly discourse. Thinkers within the movement seek to organize various economic traditions, including post-Keynesianism, old institutionalism, feminist, social, and Marxian and Austrian economics under its new umbrella, according to the movement's view of what such traditions hold in common. In doing so, the heterodox economics movement seeks to distinguish its conceptualizations from what it views as "mainstream economics", which the movement engages yet opposes on some fundamental concepts.
