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'''Odinism''' is a [[neopagan]] religion dedicated to the gods of the [http://www.webcom.com/~lstead/RBGods.html norse pantheon].  Odinists also refer to themselves as [[Heathens]] or followers of [http://www.irminsul.org/ Asatru].  Extremists who are "folkish" call themselves as followers of [[Wotanism]].
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== History ==
 
The religion now called Odinism is the indigenous tradition of the Indo-European peoples.  Pre-Christian in origin, it shows Paleolithic characteristics (the [http://deoxy.org/shaover.htm Shamanistic] tendencies of Odin and the “trickster” aspects of [http://www.octavia.net/vikings/loki.htm Loki)] as well as Neolithic traits (the [http://www.doceo.co.uk/background/shame_guilt.htm ‘honor and shame”] nature of its warlike ethical system, which is common among pastoral nomads).
 
The successful spread of Christianity largely displaced Odinism in Europe in the medieval period.  Lithuania, officially converted in 1386, was the last pagan stronghold in Europe, and pagan elements only lingered in underground movements, such as the [http://www.geocities.com/odinbrotherhood/ Odin Brotherhood].  Elsewhere, the Indo-European gods continued to be honored, but many in their Vedic form, within [[Hinduism]].  ([[Odin]], as Priscilla Kershaw pointed out in [http://www.amazon.com/one-eyed-god-Germanic-M%C3%A4nnerb%C3%BCnde-Indo-European/dp/0941694747/sr=8-1/qid=1166393329/ref=sr_1_1/002-4006652-6620864?ie=UTF8&s=books''The One-Eyed God,''] was honored as [[Rudra]]/[[Shiva]] , for example, and [[Thor]] was honored as [[Indra]].)
 
Odinism experienced a revival in nineteenth-century Europe, through the work of individuals such as [http://www.runewebvitki.com/Guido%20Von%20List.htm Guido von List].  Von List visited the crypt of St. Stephen’s Cathedral in 1862 (the site was a former pagan shrine), and swore an oath to build a temple to [[Wotan]] (the Germanic Odin).
 
Organized Germanic pagan or occult groups such as the [[Germanische Glaubens-Gemeinschaft]] emerged in Germany in the early 20th century. Although several early members of the Nazi Party were part of the Thule Society, a study group for German antiquity, after his rise to power, Adolf Hitler discouraged such pursuits, and Neopagan societies were even exposed to some amount of persecution, with at least one member of List's ''Armanenschaft'' killed in a concentration camp.
 
A second revival began in the late 1960s and early 1970s. [[Ásatrú]] was recognized as an official religion by the Icelandic government in 1973, largely due to the efforts of [[Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson]].
 
At about the same time, Else Christensen began publishing "The Odinist" newsletter in Canada. In the United States, Steve McNallen, a former U.S. Army officer, began publishing a newsletter titled "The Runestone". He also formed an organization called the Asatru Free Assembly, later renamed the  [http://www.runestone.org/flash/introduction/index.html Asatru Folk Assembly], which holds annual "Althing" meetings. These early societies went through a series of reformations and splits in 1987/88, resulting in the [http://www.asatru.org Asatru Alliance], an offshoot of the AFA headed by Valgard Murray, publisher of the "Vor Tru" newsletter and the [http://www.thetroth.org/ Ring of Troth]. In the United States, the most prevalent form of Heathen organization is in small groups called ''Kindreds'', sometimes also known as a ''Hearths'', ''Garths'' or ''Steads''.
 
The [[Odinic Rite]], organized by John Yeowell, was established in England in 1972, and in the 1990s expanded to include chapters in Germany (1995) [http://odinic-rite.de/], Australia (1995) [http://www.geocities.com/osred/odinic_rite_australia.htm] and North America (1997) [http://www.irminsul.org/arc/199705b.html].  In the 1990's the [[Odinist Fellowship]] emerged as a separate group in the United Kingdom, led by Ralph Harrison.
 
In Canada, the work of E. Max Hyatt, the force behind [http://wodanesdag.com/bk-athf.html Wodanesdag], has been significant. 
 
In Italy, the Odinist Community ([http://www.comunitaodinista.org/ Comunità Odinista]) was established in 1994.
 
In the 1990s and 2000s, a variety of Scandinavian associations and networks have formed. Swedish Asatrosamfund  (since 1994), Norwegian [[Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost]] in Norway (1996) and [[Foreningen Forn Sed]] (1999), recognized by the Norwegian government as a religious society, allowing them to perform "legally binding civil ceremonies" (i. e. marriages), Danish [[Forn Siðr]] (1999) and Swedish [[Nätverket Gimle]] (2001), an informal community for individual heathens, primarily living in Sweden with no connection to any formal organisation, and [[Nätverket Forn Sed]] (2004), a network consisting of local groups (blotlag) from all over the country. It was recently founded by members from other Forn Sed societies.
 
Since 1973 the governments of Iceland, Denmark, and Norway have officially recognized Odinism/Asatru.
 
== Beliefs ==
 
The Eddic poem [http://cybersamurai.net/Mythology/nordic_gods/LegendsSagas/Edda/PoeticEdda/Voluspo.htm Völuspá] (Prophecy of the Seeress) reveals the mysteries of Odinist cosmology.  According to the poem, between Muspelheim (The Land of Fire) and Niflheim (The Land of Ice) was an empty space called Ginnungigap. The fire and ice moved towards each other; when they collided, the universe came into being.
 
In order of creation, first were the giants, then the gods, and, finally, humankind.
 
Odinism is polytheistic in theology.  The pantheon is divided into two groups, the [http://www.timelessmyths.com/norse/aesir.html Aesir] and the [http://www.timelessmyths.com/norse/vanir.html Vanir]. (Odin and Thor are Aesir; Frey and Freyja are Vanir.)
 
Gods and Goddesses include:
 
*[[Odin]] (The most popular of the Gods, both in present time and the past, he values wisdom over all else, to the point of sacrificing his own eye for knowledge.  He takes half those slain in battle to his hall to prepare for Ragnarök.  Wednesday, or "Woden's Day", is named after him)
 
*[[Thor]] (Hot-tempered and mighty God of thunder. He is large and red-bearded, carrying a massive hammer named Mjolnir, which he throws at enemies, striking them with lightning.  Thursday, or "Thor's Day" is named after him)
 
*[[Tyr]] (Brave God of war who risked and lost his hand so the Gods could bind the fearsome wolf [[Fenrir]].  Once was the most popularly worshiped God until he was overtaken by Odin.  Tuesday, or "Tyr's Day" is named after him)
 
*[[Baldr]] (Also commonly known as Balder, he was Odins son and heir.  He was loved by all and perfect in every way for his beautiful appearance, wisdom, and gracious matter.  It was said that none could question his judgements.  He was killed as a result of the treachery of Loki, but will return at the end of the world)
 
*[[Freya]] (Goddess of love, fertility, sex, attraction and war.  Because of this list of attributes, she's largely considered the most popular of the goddesses of the Norse pantheon.  She is also referred to as the queen of the elves and the leader of the Valkyries, and she takes one-half of those slain in battle to her hall, putting her on equal footing to Odin in this regard)
 
*[[Vidar]] (Another son of Odin, he is the God of Silence and Revenge.  It is his destiny to revenge his father by slaying Fenrir, either by stepping on the beast-wolf's lower jaw and tearing him by the mouth with his raw power, or by using his sword against the heart of the wolf)
 
*[[Bragi]] (Another son of Odin, he is The God of poetry.  A large part of his history is largely unavailable in modern times, however, it is known that he was very gifted in speech and storytelling, so much so that an eloquent person would be called a bragr-man or -woman)
 
*[[Heimdall]] (The guardian and god of light. He is the son of nine different mothers.  His keen senses allow him to hear the grass grow and to see to the end of the world.  He guards [[bifrost]], the rainbow bridge to [[Asgard]], ready to blow in his horn when danger approaches.)
 
*[[Frigg]] (Goddess of marriage, motherhood and household management.  According to Odin, "Only Frigg knows the future, but discloses it to noone." She is the wife of Odin, mother of Baldr and sister of Njord. Friday, or "Frigg's Day" is named for her.)
 
*[[Sif]] (The wife of Thor, her golden hair grows in like normal natural hair, but was actually created by Dwarves.  As a prank, Loki cut her hair off, which angered Thor; he made Loki promise to replace it, which he managed to do with the help of the Dwarf Dvalin)
 
*[[Njord]] (God of the fertile lands on the seacoast, as well as seamanship and sailing.  He is Odin's brother-in-law.)
 
*[[Freyr]] (God of Fertility, Peace and Pleasure. He falls in love with a beautiful giantess, and gave his sword, which was so well-constructed that it fought by itself, in order to convince his foot-page, Skírnir, to romance the giantess for him.  This decision will have dire consequences at the Battle of [[Ragnarök]], when Freyr will be defeated by Surt)
 
*[[Idun]] (Goddess of Youth and wife of [[Bragi]]. She keeps the gods young by giving them magic apples that extend their lives.  Without these apples, the Gods, Aesir and Vanir alike, would age, wither and die as normal humans do.)
 
Other Important Entities include:
 
*[[Loki]] (A mischievous entity who likes to play tricks on the gods, he is frost giant by birth.  Loki was a source of constant angst for the gods.  His habitual trouble making landed him in some rough spots.  Conversely, Loki was also a great deal of help to the gods on numerous occasions.  It was Loki after all who brought several important artifacts to Asgard (including Mjollnir and Draupnir).  As a result of his treacherous acts that lead to the death of Baldr, he was bound to a rock.  He will lead the armies of [[Jotun]] (giants) against the gods in Ragnarök, the Final Battle.)
 
*[[Fenrir]] (A monstrous wolf that is the son of Loki and the giantess Angrboda.  Fenrir has two sons of his own, Hati and Skoll, who constantly chase the horses that move the sun across the sky, as well as pursuing the Moon.  He is bound to a rock by Gleipnir a ribbon made of the sound of a cat's footsteps, a woman's beard, the roots of a mountain, the sinews of a bear, the breath of a fish, and a bird's spittle.  The binding of Fenrir cost [[Tyr]] his hand.  At the battle of Ragnarök, he will break loose and devour Odin, but will be slain by Vidar.)
 
*[[Skaði]] (A mountain giant who married Njord. The marriage wasn't happy, as both were completely different, so they separated.)
 
== Ethics and Afterlife ==
 
In terms of ethics, members are taught to be "brave and generous."  Modern Odinists model their life according to the "Nine Charges."
 
[[Odinic Rite]]
#Courage
#Truth
#Honour
#Fidelity
#Discipline
#Hospitality
#Self Reliance
#Industriousness
#Perseverance
 
[[Asatru Folk Assembly]]
#Strength is better than weakness
#Courage is better than cowardice
#Joy is better than guilt
#Honour is better than dishonour
#Freedom is better than slavery
#Kinship is better than alienation
#Realism is better than dogmatism
#Vigor is better than lifelessness
#Ancestry is better than universalism
 
 
The Odinist '''afterlife''' has several destination, depending on how one has lived (and died).  The most esteemed go to [[Valhalla]], brought there by warrior maidens called [[Valkyries]].
 
== Some Rites of Odinism ==
 
*[[Blót]] is the term for the historical Norse [[sacrifice]] in honour of the gods.  Odinist blóts are often celebrated outdoors. Food and drink may be offered, and most of this will be consumed by the participants.
*[[Sumbel]] (also spelled ''symbel'') is a Norse drinking rite in which an intoxicating drink (usually mead or ale) is passed around an assembled table. At each passing of the drink, participants make a short speech, a toast, and an oath.  Oaths made during this rite are considered binding upon the individuals making them.
*''[[Berserker|Berserkergangr]]'' is a form of religious ecstasy, associated with [[Odin]], a god of war, magic, and poetry.
*[http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/ Reading the Runes.] Tacitus, in [http://www.unrv.com/tacitus/tacitusgermania.php Germania], describes how the ancient Germans cut branches from a fruit-bearing tree, and marked the branches with symbols, called [http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/ runes].  Calling upon the gods, the practitioner casts the branches randomly on a white cloth.  New-Age Asatru use the runes as a method of divination. More traditional practitioners, such as the members of the [[Odin Brotherhood]], claim the runes are connected with magic, but only indirectly with prophecy.  Members of the [[Odin Brotherhood]] use the runes not to tell the future, but to summon a dead person so that he will reveal the future.  That is how Odin himself uses the runes in as in [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/havamal.html#spellsHav Havamal], verse 156.
 
==Distribution of adherents==
Today, Odinism is practiced primarily in Scandinavia, Germany, Britain, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Small communities are also found in many other countries, including Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Portugal, Poland, and Russia.  Active groups are also found in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, and Chile.
 
Exact numbers are unknown, but there are several thousand followers in the modern world.
 
== References ==
 
Chadwick, H. M. [http://www.stavacademy.co.uk/mimir/cultothin.htm'' The Cult of Othin.''] Cambridge, 1899.
 
Coulter, James Hjuka. ''Germanic Heathenry''. 2003.  ISBN 1410765857
 
Gundarsson, Kvedulf.  ''Our Troth''.  2006.  ISBN 1419635980
 
Hollander, Lee M. ''The Poetic Edda''. Austin, 1986. ISBN 0292764995
 
Mirabello, Mark. ''The Odin Brotherhood''. 5th edition. Oxford, England, 2003. ISBN 1869928717
 
Paxson, Diana L. Essential Asatru.  2006. ISBN 0806527080
 
Puryear, Mark. ''The Nature of Asatru''. 2006. ISBN 0595389643
 
[http://www.vaidilute.com/books/norroena/rydberg-contents.html Viktor Rydberg's "Teutonic Mythology: Gods and Goddesses of the Northland" e-book]
 
Shetler, Greg. ''Living Asatru''. 2003. ISBN 1591099110
 
Storyteller, Ragnar. ''Odin's Return''. Payson, Arizona, 1995.
 
Sturluson, Snorri. ''Ynglinga Saga''.
 
Sturluson, Snorri. ''Prose Edda''. Mineola, New York, 2006. ISBN 0486451518
 
[http://www.filelime.com/upload/files/Text_of_Odin_Brotherhood1.pdf ''Teachings of the Odin Brotherhood'' Portland, nd. pdf file]
 
''This Is Odinism''. 1974. ISBN 095046130X
 
[http://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/odin/odin-hp.htm Titchenell, Elsa-Brita.  The Masks of Odin: Wisdom of the Ancient Norse]
 
[http://wodanesdag.com/bk-athf.html Wodanson, Edred.  ''Asatru-The Hidden Fortress''. Parksville, BC, Canada, 2005.]
 
Yeowell, John. ''Book of Blots''. 1991. ISBN 0950461350
 
== External Links ==
 
[http://www.sacred-texts.com/bos/bos183.htm ''What is Odinism?'']
 
[http://geocities.com/odinistlibrary/OLArticles/Articles/Odinismbyanyothername.htm Why Do We Call It Odinism?]
 
[http://www.geocities.com/odinbrotherhood/ Odin Brotherhood]
 
[http://www.odinsbruderschaft.de/ Odin Brotherhood in Germany]
 
[http://odin.org/home.html European Ancestral Religion]
 
[http://www.northvegr.org/lore/main.php An Archive of Essential Texts on traditional Norse Religion]
 
[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=asatru&search=Search Some Videos on Asatru/Odinism]
 
[http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=heimgest Interview on Odinism by the Leader of the Odinic Rite]
 
[http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odinismo Article on Odinism in Italian]
 
== Podcasts on Odinism/Asatru ==
 
*[http://www.nineworldsradio.org/ Nine Worlds Radio]
 
*[http://www.odinlives.org/ Odin Lives Radio]
 
*[http://ravencast.podbean.com Ravencast Podcast]
 
*[http://spokenlore.com Spoken Lore Podcast]
 
== See Also ==
 
[[Odin Brotherhood]]
 
[[Asatru]]
 
[[Odinist Fellowship]]
 
[[Odinist Deities and Terms]]
 
== Articles of Interest ==
 
[http://www.runestone.org/lep1.html The Asatru Folk Assembly on Asatru/Odinism]
 
[http://www.thetroth.org/memsvc/stewards/flyers/ Factual Flyers from the Troth]
 
[http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=236 Professor Mattias Gardell, professor of religious history at the University of Stockholm, on radical Odinism]
 
== List of Some Odinist/Asatru Organizations in the World ==
 
*World [http://www.geocities.com/odinbrotherhood/ Odin Brotherhood]
 
*Australia
**[http://www.geocities.com/osred/ Odinic Rite Australia]
*Belgium
**[http://www.traditie.be/ Asatrú-Werkgroep Traditie]
*Britain
**[http://www.odinistfellowship.co.uk/ Odinist Fellowship]
**[http://www.odinic-rite.org/ Odinic Rite]
**[http://www.gippeswic.demon.co.uk/ Odinsholf]
**[http://www.ormswald.org.uk Ormswald Hof]
**[http://www.kithofyggdrasil.org Kith of Yggdrasil]
*Eastern Europe
**[http://asatru.ulver.com/indexr_odinism.html&sa Odinism in the Slavic World]
*Germany
**[http://www.odinic-rite.de/ Verein für germanisches Heidentum]
**[http://www.vfgh.de alternative Verein für germanisches Heidentum]
**[http://www.eldaring.de/ Eldaring] (since 2000)
**[http://www.nornirsaett.de/ Nornirs Ætt] (since 1997)
*Iceland / Scandinavia
**[http://www.asatrofaellesskabet.dk/ Asatrofællesskabet] Denmark (since 2003)
**[http://www.asatru.is/ Ásatrúarfélagið] Iceland (since 1972)
**[http://www.bifrost.no/ Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost] Norway (since 1996)
**[http://www.fornsidr.dk/ Forn Sidr] Denmark (since 2003)**[http://www.fornsed.se/ Nätverket Forn Sed] Sweden (since 2003)
**[http://www.asatrosamfundet.se/ Sveriges Asatrosamfund] Sweden (since 1994)
*Italy
**[http://www.comunitaodinista.org/ Comunità Odinista]
*Mexico
**[http://www.angelfire.com/folk/sagradofuego/ Hermandad_Odinista_Sagrado_Fuego/ The Odinist Brotherhood of the Sacred Fire]
**[http://mx.groups.yahoo.com/group/Hermandad_Odinista_Sagrado_Fuego/ The Odinist Brotherhood of the Sacred Fire Discussion Group]
*Netherlands
**[http://www.hetrad.nl/ Het Rad]
**[http://odinist.nl/ Odinic Rite Netherlands]
*North America
**[http://www.asatru.org/ Asatru Alliance] (since 1988)
**[http://www.runestone.org/ Asatru Folk Assembly] (since 1994, previously the ''Asatru Free Assembly'' from 1972 until disbandment in 1986)
**[http://www.odinic-rite.org/ Odinic Rite Vinland]
**[http://www.runegild.org/ The Rune Gild] (since 1979)
**[http://www.thetroth.org/ The Troth] (since 1987, originally the "Ring of Troth")
*'''Spain'''
**[http://www.odinismo.com/ Círculo Odinista Español]
**[http://www.palimpalem.com/3/caln_falkon/ Clan Falkon Galicia] Alianza del Aguila Visigoda España
**[http://clanfalkon.mundoforo.com/ Foro Clan Falkon] Foro sobre Odinismo Visigoth en España
*South America
**[http://www.fornsed-brasil.org/ Asatru Vanatru Forn Sed Brasil] Brazil (since 2002)
**[http://www.asatru-argentina.com.ar/ Kindred Folkvang] Argentina (since 1992)
**[http://www.coamerica.org/menu/english.htm Comunità Odinista América]
**[http://br.geocities.com/waldbuss/ Schwarzer Adler Odinic Brüderschaft] (Brazil)
**[http://br.geocities.com/visgothbr/visigoalian.html/ Aliança da Águia Visigoda Brasil]
**[http://br.geocities.com/visgothbr/apresentacao.html/ Clã Falkar Brasil]
**[http://www.angelfire.com/folks/sagradofuego/ Hermandad Odinista del Sagrado Fuego] Alianza del Aguila Visigoda America

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