View source for User:Louise Valmoria/Sandbox

==Articles At Work On==

Astronomy
{{rpl|Genesis probe}}

Music
{{rpl|La Oreja de Van Gogh}}
{{rpl|Divine Comedy (band)}}
{{rpl|Joy Division}}

Chemistry
-Chemical Elements
{{rpl|Potassium}}
{{rpl|Copper}}

Geography
{{rpl|Prague}}
{{rpl|Charles Bridge}}
{{rpl|Melbourne}}
{{rpl|Metronome, Letna Hill}}

History
{{rpl|Montcada family}}

Law
{{rpl|Jurisprudence}}
{{rpl|European Community Law}}
{{rpl|Constitution}}

Linguistics
{{rpl|Chavacano language}}
{{rpl|Czech language}}

Psychology
{{rpl|Emotion}}
{{rpl|Motivation}}

Visual Arts
{{rpl|Adam Kraft}}
{{rpl|Albrecht Dürer‎}}
{{rpl|Antoni Gaudí‎}}
{{rpl|Dieric Bouts}}
{{rpl|Nuremberg Chronicle}}
{{rpl|Peter Parler}}
{{rpl|Sgraffito}}
{{rpl|Sondergotik}}
{{rpl|2046 (film)}}

{{rpl|Skirt}}
{{rpl|Capoeira}}
{{rpl|Caipirinha}}
{{rpl|Elevator}}
{{rpl|SimCity}}
{{rpl|SimTower}}

==Theme Weeks==

Theme Weeks: There are various 'world days' and events that are coming up that inspire me to get some biographies, collections of works or just some articles. Feel free to check in on this list, add your own, or collaborate with me when these articles go live.

===World Poetry Day (March 21)===

(A range of some of my favourites, to those who feature heavily in my library for various reasons; focus here will be on world poets as I am sure that the more famous classic poets will be already covered by fellow Citizens)

[[Anna Akhmatova]]



[[František Branislav]]

'''František Branislav''', born 16 March 1900 in Beroun, Czechoslovakia, died 25 July 1968 in Prague. Czech poet, children's author and translator of Scandanavian works. He translated Nettenes natt (Night of all Nights) by Norwegian poet Bjorn Rongen and also wrote a study on the Swedish language.

Works<ref>[http://www.mesto-horovice.cz/hist/nerodaci/branislav.html František Branislav biography (Czech)]</ref>

''Poetry:'' Bílý kruh (1924), Na rozcestí (1927), Větrná růžice (1930), Na houslích jara, podzimu... (1933), Věčná země (1939), Dým ke hvězdám (1940), Pozdrav Polsku (1950), Milostný nápěv (1951), Krásná láska (1952), Večer u studny (1955), Prsten na cestu (1957), Cesta přátelství (úvod a verše k fotografiím z cesty A. Novotného do SSSR, 1958), Věnec z trávy (1960), Moře (1961), Řecká sonatina (1962), Divertimento a kantiléna (1964), Sluneční kámen (1969), Ezopovy bajky (1973)

''Childrens' Poetry:'' Píseň dětství (1952), Zlatý déšť (1955), Hliněný džbánek (1957), Zelené roky (1959), Přijďte k nám, muzikanti (1960), Naše a vaše (1960), Ratolístka (1961), Modrý oblázek (1962), Ryby, rybky, rybičky (1963), Malá říkadla (1963), Polní růžičky (1966), Hodina zvonů (výbor, 1989), Básně dětem (soub. vyd., 1971, 3 sv.)

S uzlíčkem stříbra (1947), Básně (1953), Lyrika (1957), Verše (1960), Básně (1968), Pramen pod hvězdami (1975), Tiše sním (1979), Uzlíček stříbra (1980), Z rosy a studánek (1980)

Translations: Bjorn Rongen: Noc všech nocí (1951) (English for: Night of all Nights) Bjorn Rongen was a Norwegian poet, who published Nettenes natt in 1940.

Compilations: Věrnému vojáku Jonášovi (sb. na pamět J. Jonáše, velitele české legionářské roty Nazdar, 1928, s A. Rážem a F. Hamplem), Básnický almanach 1958  (1959)

[[Charles Baudelaire]]

[[Paul Eluard]]

[[Solomon Ibn Gabriol]]

[[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]

[[James Joyce]]

[[Louise Labe]]

[[Primo Levi]]

[[Federico Garcia Lorca]]

[[Antonio Machado]]

[[Stéphane Mallarmé]]

'''Stéphane Mallarmé''' (March 18, 1842 – September 9, 1898), born Étienne Mallarmé. French poet, critic and leader of the Symbolist movement with [[Paul Verlaine]].

Mallarmé, Stéphane. ''Igitur/ Divagations/ un Coup de Des'', French & European Pubns (1976)

Remembering the Sound of Words: Mallarmé, Proust, Joyce, Beckett by Adam Piette (1996);

Jane Mayo Roos, Jeanine Parisier Plottel, Mary Ann Caws, and Yves Bonnetoy. ''A Painter's Poet: Stephane Mallarme & His Impressionist Circle'' (1999)

Thomas A Williams. ''Mallarme and the Language of Mysticism'' 


[[Pablo Neruda]]

[[Octavio Paz]]

[[Adelia Prado]]

[[Salvatore Quasimodo]]

[[Rainer Maria Rilke]]

[[Arthur Rimbaud]]

[[Friedrich von Schiller]]

[[Alfonsina Storni]]

[[Paul Valery]]

[[Paul Verlaine]]

[[Francois Villon]]

===International Years, Decades ... ===
<ref>http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/en/calendar_years_decades_07.html</ref>
====2008: International Year of ... ====

'''Green Earth'''

'''Languages'''

'''Sanitation'''

'''Potato'''

====2009: International Year of ... ====

'''Astronomy''' - it will be the 400th anniversary of the first use of the [[telescope]] for astronomical purposes by [[Galileo]].

'''Natural Fibres'''

'''Reconciliation'''

====International Decades====
*Note to self: try to make a overlapping timeline out of these? Hmm

* 2001-2010 - Decade to Roll Back Malaria in Developing Countries, Particularly in Africa
* 2001-2010 - Second International Decade for the Eradication of Colonialism
* 2001-2010 - International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-violence for the Children of the World
* 2003-2012 - United Nations Literacy Decade: Education for All
* 2005-2014 - Second International Decade of the World's Indigenous People
* 2005-2014 - United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development
* 2005-2015 - International Decade for Action, 'Water for Life'

==Other things on my List==

[[La Oreja de Van Gogh]] - Favourite Band, Write-A-Thon Sep 2008

[[Australian Ballet]]

[[Melbourne Symphony Orchestra]]

[[Jiri Kylian]] - choreographer

[[Prague Castle]]

Something about [[toll road]] infrastructure, design, management ... etc. such as, what is a [[gantry]] and how does [[electronic tolling]] differ from [[satellite tolling]] and how is that an improvement on [[manual tolling]]?

* Talk to my sources in mining / resources / electrical transmission if they can point me to a good engineering library ...

===Question of the day?===

''Apparently a four year old asks 450 questions a day. How many questions am I short, and from where in Citizendium can I find the answers?''

Hallowe'en is coming up. What is the origins of this tradition? How is it celebrated? How many 'spooky' tangents can I come up with from this topic?
 * All Souls' Day ; Día de los Muertos (I guess this would be [[Day of the Dead]] in English?_ ; other traditions that commemorate the dead?
 * All right, and as the day has lost a bit of its spiritual signicance for costumes and candy, and how can one ignore the lore and history regarding the [[seance]], [[ouija board|ouija boards]], and the cultural background behind the legend of the [[vampire]]?

[[triboluminescence]]: [http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081022/full/news.2008.1185.html Oct 24]'s 'what the...? that is so cool and weird' question of the day

When I blow out a [[candle]] in the living room, how does this activate the [[smoke detector]] in the foyer? How come the smoke detector can't tell if I've overburned the [[ginger]] on the oven (though it might have been the [[rangehood]])?

If '[[nutrition|you are what you eat]]', does that mean I want to be an [[acai berry]] when I grow up? (no, not a 'serious' question, that was just an excuse to create redlinks)

[[Eight-tracks]], [[LP record|records]], and [[cassette tape|cassettes]] are now [[niche market|niche markets]], or rather former audio recording staples of the past. How did they work? How does a [[digital recorder]], that transfers them to something like a [[compact disc|CD]] or a [[digital video disc|DVD]], work? What other portable data storage items (? what's the word for that?) existed out there?

Where'd my references about the organic growth of medieval cities nick off to?

===Science and Law In The News===
or stuff that I just find interesting
*[[earth monitoring system]]
*[[satellites]] - artificial vs. natural?
*[[medical isotopes]]
*[[multiple sclerosis]]
*[[personal genomics]]
*[[down syndrome]]
*[[emergence theory]]
*[[feedback]]
*[[self-organisation]]
*[[urban planning]]

*[[Lisbon treaty]]
*[[Government of the Czech Republic]] - surely this needs a better name, but in any case ... that leads to [[no-confidence vote]], seeing as this is about the fourth time they've had one!
*[[Presidency of the European Union]] - possibly needs a better name too


==Spring Cleaning - Chemistry ==

===Chemical Elements to get a start on===
(from [[Special:Wanted Pages]])

[[Template:Elem Infobox]] What I need to get started
<sub>'' - blank template below so I stop accidentally copying and pasting over the properties of gold ;)''</sub>



* [[Copper]]
{{Elem_Infobox
|background1= f2f2f2
|align=right
|elementColor=reddish
|elName= Copper
|elMass= 63.55
|elSym= Cu
|elNum= 29
|elClass=Transition Metal
|elgroup=11
|elperiod=4
|elblock=d
|eltrnCfg=1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup> 2p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>6</sup> 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup>
|no1= 
|no2= 
|no3= 
|no4= 
|properties= Metallic, malleable, ductile, conductor of electricity
|compounds= brass, bronze
|uses= construction, electrical transmission, industry, coinage, jewelry
|hazard=
}}
** Mining and Extraction
** Copper in the Human Body
** Plant Extraction
** Industrial Applications
** Recycling (?)

* [[Uranium]]
{{Elem_Infobox
|background1= f2f2f2
|align=right
|elementColor=silvery white
|elName= Uranium
|elMass= 238.02
|elSym= U
|elNum= 92
|elClass=Actinoid
|elgroup=Actinides
|elperiod=7
|elblock=f
|eltrnCfg=1s<sup>2</sup> 2s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>6</sup> 3s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>6</sup>d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>6</sup>d<sup>10</sup>f<sup>14</sup> 5s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>6</sup>d<sup>10</sup>f<sup>3</sup> 6s<sup>2</sup>p<sup>6</sup>d<sup>1</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup>
|no1=6
|no2= 5
|no3=4
|no4=3
|properties= metallic, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive, pyrophoric
|compounds= uraninite, autinite, carnotite, samarkite
|uses= fuel
|hazard=radioactive
}}
** Mining and Extraction
** Uses
** Nuclear Power
** Disposal

* [[Iodine]]

** Natural Sources
** Applications and Uses

* [[Tungsten]]
* [[Zinc]]
* [[Plutonium]]
* [[Titanium]]
* [[Nickel]]
* [[Arsenic]]
* [[Tin]]
* [[Bismuth]]
* [[Barium]]
* [[Xenon]]
* [[Bromine]]
* [[Platinum]]
* [[Chromium]]
* [[Krypton]]
* [[Rhodium]]
* [[Palladium]]
* [[Zirconium]]
* [[Manganese]]
* [[Molybdenum]]
* [[Ruthenium]]
* [[Rhenium]]
* [[Selenium]]
* [[Technetium]]
* [[Strontium]]
* [[Americium]]
* [[Antimony]]
* [[Radium]]
* [[Tantalum]]
* [[Germanium]]
* [[Niobium]]
* [[Osmium]]
* [[Neodymium]]
* [[Yttrium]]

<s>* Note to self - create redirect from [[colour]] to [[color]], former does not yet have a page.</s> all done - thanks [[User:Chris Day|Chris]]
* Note to self - get diagrams for below colour in transition metals (and learn to spell like an American??)

===Colour in transition metals===

Transition metal complexes are usually coloured. The colour results from absorption of photons in the visible region of light.

Substances that appear black absorb all wavelengths of light in the visible spectrum. Those that appear white reflect all wavelengths. Substances that appear colourless absorb light in the infrared or ultraviolet regions of the light spectrum, therefore do not appear coloured to the human eye. All cations, anions and oxoanions of the representative elements are colourless. 

This can be explained by the octahedral geometry of complex ions, and by the location of atomic orbitals in the ''d'' shell.

(diagram needed - complex ion with d orbitals between the axes)

(animation - seems to capture idea best - electron approaching d orbitals, splitting energy between orbitals closer to the ligands and those further away)

Transition metals that are coloured are those who have partially filled ''d'' orbitals. Colourless complexes of transition metals are those which have no ''d'' electrons present, for example Sc<sup>3+</sup>, or when all ''d'' orbitals are filled. It is only partially filled ''d'' orbitals that result in colour because there is space for an electron to be promoted from the lower energy ''d'' orbitals to the higher energy ''d'' orbitals.



An example of colours produced by some transition complexes is below.


Table: Colours of the hydrated complex ions of the first transition series.<ref>Fundamentals of Chemistry, Fourth Ed.</ref>
(Note to self - [[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:How_to_make_tables | this how one makes a table]]

 {| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 2em;"
 |-
 ! Colour
 ! colspan=4|Ions and number of 3d electrons
 |-
 | Colourless	
 | Sc<sup>3+</sup> (0)
 | Cu<sup>+</sup> (10)
 | Zn<sup>2+</sup> (10)
 | 
 |-
 | style="background:#F58B78"|Red
 | Co<sup>2+</sup> (7)
 | Mn<sup>2+</sup>  (5)
 | 
 | 
 |-
 | style="background:#91BE7E"|Green
 | Fe<sup>2+</sup> (6)
 | Ni<sup>2+</sup> (8)
 | V<sup>3+</sup> (2)
 | Cr<sup>3+</sup> (3)
 |-
 | style="background:#BB88C0"|Purple
 | Ti<sup>3+</sup> (1)
 | 
 | 
 | 
 |-
 | style="background:#F1C9F6"|Violet
 | V<sup>2+</sup> (3)
 | Cr<sup>3+</sup> (3)
 | Mn<sup>3+</sup> (4)
 | Fe<sup>3+</sup> (5)
 |-
 | style="background:#6E94FC"|Blue
 | Cr<sup>2+</sup> (4)
 | Co<sup>3+</sup> (6)
 | Cu<sup>2+</sup> (9)
 | 
 |-
 |style="background:#FFFB91"| Yellow
 | 
 | 
 | 
 | [FeCl]<sup>2+</sup> (5)
 |}


The energy difference Δ is called the ''crystal-field splitting energy.''

ΔE = hv = hc/λ = splitting energy = Δ

Within transition metals Δ is often in the range found in the frequencies of visible light. This means that an electron can be excited from one of the lower-energy d orbitals to a higher energy d orbital by visible light.

Complementary colours - definition

Complementary colours are two colours that combine to produce white light. Therefore if a substance only absorbs a wavelength, it will reflect the wavelength of the complementary colour and appear that colour to the eyes. For example, permanganate appears purple because it absorbs green light.

 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
 ! Absorbed wavelength in nm (colour)
 ! Observed colour
 |-
 | 400 (violet)
 | Greenish yellow
 |-
 | 450 (blue)
 | Yellow
 |-
 | 490 (blue-green)
 | Red
 |-
 | 570 (yellow-green)
 | Violet
 |-
 | 580 (yellow)
 | Dark blue
 |-
 | 600 (orange)
 | Blue
 |-
 | 650 (red)
 | Green
 |}


The presence of transition metals in gemstones results in the varied colours of gems.

===Crystal-field splitting theory===


Crystal-field theory is a theory of chemical bonding, first explored by physicists in the early 1930s in relation to the spectra of ionic crystals. 

A limitation of crystal-field theory is that it cannot explain the colour spectrum of complex ions or the splitting order of all ligands.

===Applications===

Wavelength absorption and emission by atoms is used in spectroscopy to identify elements.